Diplomatarium OP Dacie
Collected and edited by J.G.G. Jakobsen, Centre for Mendicant Studies of Dacia.
Vol. I (1220-1299)
(the volume is
under continued construction and still far from completion)
Latest update:
2024.12.03
Index:
1219 15/8. Simon of Sweden and
Nicolaus of Lund are admitted into the Order of Preachers in Bologna.
1220 22/3. Salomon of Århus is
admitted into the Order of Preachers in Verona.
1221 30/5. The Second General Chapter of the Order of
Preachers sends Fr. Salomon to Denmark.
1228 (14/5). The general chapter
promotes four new provinces, among them the province of Dacia.
1228. A convent
of Friars Preachers in Ribe is founded with friars from Lund.
1231. Friars
Preachers arrive in Roskilde.
1234. A convent
of Friars Preachers in Roskilde is founded.
1235. A convent of Friars Preachers
in Schleswig is founded.
1231-70, 1236.
Prior Johannes of Roskilde dies; perhaps identical to Fr. Johannes Cabbi.
1238 16/7.
Prior Provincial Rano dies and is buried at the priory in Roskilde.
1238. Fr.
Analdus is elected prior provincial of Dacia.
1234-38. Friars Preachers arrive
in Slesvig during the episcopacy of Bishop Tyge of Slesvig.
1239. Convents of Friars Preachers
arrive in Skara and Schleswig.
1240 (3/6). The general chapter
concedes to the foundation of two convents in the province of Dacia.
1242. Convents of Friars Preachers are founded in Helsingør and
Næstved.
1243 (31/5). The general chapter concedes to the foundation
of one convent in the province of Dacia.
1243. Convents of Friars Preachers
arrive in Lödöse and Kalmar.
1244. A convent of Friars Preachers
arrives in Västerås.
1245 4/6. The general chapter
concedes to the foundation of a convent in the province of Dacia.
1246. The
provincial chapter in Ribe selects 12 friars for a second convent foundation in
Tallinn.
1247 (19/5). The general chapter
concedes to the foundation of a convent in the province of Dacia.
1248. A convent of Friars Preachers
is established in Tallinn.
1249. A convent of Friars Preachers
is established in Turku.
1251. A
convent of Friars Preachers in Haderslev is founded.
1253. The Order of Preachers receives
a house in Vordingborg.
1254. The church
of Friars Preachers in Roskilde is dedicated to Saint Catherine.
1255. Archbishop Jarler of Uppsala
dies and is buried with the Friars Preachers in Sigtuna.
1261 22/3.
Peder Olufsen of Karise leaves 10 marks to the Friars Preachers in Roskilde.
1261 20/4. Prior Provincial
Absalon of Dacia dies and is replaced by Fr. Augustinus.
1261 (12/6). The general
chapter admonishes the province of Dacia to establish a studium logicalium.
1261. Prince Erik of Sweden dies and
is buried with the Friars Preachers in Sigtuna.
1263 17/5.
Margrethe Stigsdatter donates 1 mark to the Friars Preachers in Roskilde.
1265 13/5.
Prior Boecius of Roskilde witnesses a royal letter to Æbelholt Abbey.
1266 (16/5). Prior Provincial
Augustinus of Dacia is absolved by the general chapter.
1266 (8/9). Fr. Nicolaus is elected
prior provincial of Dacia.
1266. Princess Jutta of Denmark is
admitted into the Second Order of Dominican Sisters in Roskilde.
1268 18/11.
Gro Gunnesdatter Vint donates 2 marks to the Friars Preachers in Roskilde.
1268. A convent of Friars Preachers
is established in Strängnäs.
1231-70 19/8.
Fr. Albertus of the Friars Preachers in Roskilde dies.
1238-70 23/2. Provost Sasser of Lund leaves an annual payment
to the Friars Preachers in Lund.
1238-70 23/7. Archdeacon Laurids of Lund leaves an annual
payment to the Friars Preachers in Lund.
1274 16/8. Canon Niels Torkildsen
of Lund leaves 1 mark to the Friars Preachers in Lund.
1275 16/4. Bengt Magnusson founds
an altar dedicated to St. Peter Martyr in Linköping Cathedral.
1275 (Aug-Sep). Provincial chapter
of Dacia is held in Skara.
1280. Provincial chapter of Dacia is
held in Oslo.
1281. Provincial chapter of Dacia is
held in Visby.
1283 1/8. Archdeacon Hågen of
Lund leaves 5 marks to the Friars Preachers in Lund.
1285 29/9. Cecilie donates a farm
in Greve to the Dominican Sisters in Roskilde.
1285. Prior
Provincial Augustinus dies.
1287. The house of the Friars Preachers in Holbæk burns down.
1287. The priory of the Friars Preachers in Lund burns down.
1288 (9/5). The general chapter
concedes to the foundation of a convent in the province of Dacia.
(1288 4/9). Gaute de Talgje
leaves 1 mark silver to the Friars Preachers in Bergen.
1289. Bishop Johannes of Turku OP is
elected archbishop of Uppsala.
1290. Bishop Johannes OP of Turku is
translated to the archiepiscopal see of Uppsala.
1291 14/3.
Lave Lavesen of Høng leaves 5 marks to the Friars Preachers in Roskilde.
1291 30/8.
Peder Ud leaves 1 mark to the Friars Preachers in Roskilde.
1292 4/3. Gyde Skjalmsdatter Bang
leaves 5 marks to the Friars Preachers in Roskilde.
1292 1/8. Magnus Johansson leaves
donations for all the convents of Friars Preachers in Sweden.
1292 8/9. The provincial chapter
of the Friars Preachers in Dacia is held in Lund.
1270-1300 3/8. Fr. Magnus of the Friars Preachers in
Lund dies.
1270-1300 21/11. Lector Tullius Dacus of the Friars
Preachers in Lund dies.
(Bologna) |
Pre-province
of Dacia, Convent of Bologna (prov. Lombardia) |
Simon of
Sweden and Nicolaus of Lund in Denmark, both clergy, are admitted into the
Order of Preachers in Bologna.
Source: Historia
ordinis predicatorum in Dacia.
Language: Latin.
Anno Domini MCCXIX in festo assumptionis beate virginis
assumpti sunt Bononie ad ordinem duo clerici, frater Simon de Suecia, et frater
Nicolaus Lundensis de Dacia.
Dansk oversættelse:
I det Herrens år 1219, på festen for den salige Jomfrus
himmelfart, blev to gejstlige, broder Simon fra Sverige og broder Niels fra
Lund i Danmark, optaget i ordenen i Bologna.
Comments: Fr. Simon of Sweden and Fr. Nicolaus Lundensis of Denmark are
not known from any other sources, but they were most likely two secular clergy,
who had been sent to Bologna to study canon law at the university, possibly to
pursue a career as canons secular at their home cathedral chapters in Sweden
and Lund respectively. Here, they would have met and
heard the eloquent and magnetic Fr. Reginaldus Aurelianensis (Reginald
d’Orléans), whom Dominic had installed in Bologna in December 1218, where a
Dominican convent was established at San Nicolo in early 1219 – indeed, it
seems likely that Simon and Niels were among the many hearts that Reginaldus
won for the Order (Gallén 1946, 3). They most likely attended the
general chapter held in Bologna in 1220 17/5,
where they were instructed by St. Dominic to accompany a Swedish provost,
Gaufred, whom Dominic had met in Rome in the preceding spring, to
Sigtuna, where Gaufred wanted to establish a Dominican convent. The project in Sigtuna
was, however, put to a stop by Archbishop Olof Basatömir of Uppsala in 1221-23,
and the two friars were instead offered a refuge in nearby Sko by the magnate
Knut Långe. Here they remained for some years, when they were informed of the
more successful foundation project in Lund, which they then left to join in 1222-24.
In Lund, Fr. Simon was elected the first prior of the convent. Nothing more is
known with certainty about any of the two friars, but if Fr. Simon was young at
the time of his admission, he could be identical to the Fr. Simon Preacher (broðir Simun predicari), who held an
entrusted position with King Håkon of Norway in the 1250s (see 1256
24/8) and died on a journey with the king to Scotland in 1263.
Likewise, Fr. Nicolaus Lundensis may be identical to the Fr. Nicolaus of the Friars Preachers in Lund, who according to an
entry in the necrology of the cathedral chapter of Lund died on 18 April in the
period 1221-33 (Jakobsen 2011, 15).
Published: Scriptores
Rerum Danicarum vol. V, p. 500-502; Archivum
Fratrum Praedicatorum vol. 66, pp. 162-164;
Halvorsen,
Dominikus, p. 218-220; Historia ordinis predicatorum in Dacia (online).
Literature: Gallén 1946, pp. 3-4; Jakobsen
2011, p. 7.
(Verona) |
Pre-province
of Dacia, Convent of Verona (prov. Lombardia) |
Salomon
of Århus in Jutland, Denmark, is admitted into the Order of Preachers in
Verona.
Source: Historia
ordinis predicatorum in Dacia.
Language: Latin.
Eodem anno [MCCXX] in festo pasche frater Salomon, natus
Arhusie in Jutia, intravit ordinem Verone in
Lombardia.
Dansk oversættelse:
I påsken samme år trådte broder Salomon, født i Århus i Jylland,
ind i ordenen i Verona i Lombardiet.
Comments: The exact day of the admission is not stated, but Easter
Sunday in 1220 was on 22 March. ● Fr.
Salomon of Århus is not known from any other sources. His reason for being
in Verona is not indicated. There was no university in the city, but Verona was
quite a mercantile centre, so Salomon may have been there in some lay business.
According to the chronicle, he first accompanied a Fr. Paulus to Hungary, but
on the way was installed himself as prior for a recently established community
of Friars Preachers in Friesach, Carinthia (see 1220-21). In 1221 30/5, Salomon attended the general
chapter held in Bologna, where St. Dominic appointed him for a different task, namely
to go to Denmark with letters to the king and the archbishop, asking them to
admit the Friars Preachers into their kingdom; such a papal letter to King
Valdemar II is, in fact, extant from 1221 6/5.
In the late summer and autumn of 1221, Fr. Salomon went via
Cologne and Paris to Flanders, where he found a ship for Denmark, but the ship
was caught by storm – and only survived through divine intervention by the now
deceased St. Dominic – and ended up in Nidaros, Norway, from where Salomon
travelled by land to Copenhagen. In Denmark, he was warmly welcomed by
Archbishop Anders Sunesen of Lund in particular, just as Cardinal Legate
Gregorius de Crescentia, who was in Denmark in June-November 1222,
took the Dominican friar in his service as interpreter. In 1222
22/5, the archbishop donated a house in Lund for the
foundation of a Dominican convent. Whether Fr. Salomon actually joined the
convent in Lund is not stated, neither is anything more told about him (Tugwell
2000, 53). He may have received some local Dominican veneration as the
‘founding father of the province’, as the writing of the chronicle could
indicate, and if so he may indeed be the “St. Salomon”, to whom a seaside
chapel on the island of Bornholm, within the archdiocese of Lund, was dedicated
in 1379 3/2 (Jakobsen 2009). ●
The Order of Preachers had established a convent in Verona in 1219 with
brethren from Bologna on the initiative of St. Dominic himself (Hinnebusch
1966, 66 and 104).
Published: Scriptores
Rerum Danicarum vol. V, p. 500-502; Archivum
Fratrum Praedicatorum vol. 66, pp.
162-164; Halvorsen, Dominikus, p. 218-220; Historia ordinis predicatorum in
Dacia (online).
Literature: Gallén 1946, p. 6; Jakobsen
2011, p. 9.
Rome |
Order
of Preachers, Pre-province of Dacia |
Master
General Dominic of the Order of Preachers meets Gaufred, a provost of the
Church of St. Peter in Sigtuna, who are in Rome to collect the pallium for Archbishop
Olof Basatömir of Uppsala, where the provost pleads Dominic to send some of his
Friars Preachers to Sweden.
Source: Historia
ordinis predicatorum in Dacia.
Language: Latin.
[...]
Hos primitus misit beatus Dominicus in Sueciam in Siktuniam civitatem ad
petitionem et instantiam domini Gaufredi, prepositi Sancti Petri Siktunie,
euntis ad curiam Romanam pro pallio archiepiscopi Olavi dicti Basetømir. Qui
prepositus anno Domini MCCXX, beatum patrem Rome inveniens, ab eodem ut fratres
in Sueciam mitterentur impetravit. [...]
Dansk oversættelse:
Den salige Dominik sendte dem først til byen Sigtuna i Sverige
på indstændig bøn fra hr. Gaufred, provst ved Skt. Peters Kirke i Sigtuna, som
var kommet til den romerske kurie efter palliet til ærkebiskop Olov kaldt
Basatömir. Provsten mødte den salige fader i Rom i 1220 og bad ham sende brødre
til Sverige.
Comments: The chronicle does
not state when the meeting in Rome took place, but Dominic came to Rome from
Viterbo in January or February 2020 and left again in May for the general
chapter in Bologna (Gallén 1946, 5). ● The friars, to whom the text
initially refers, are Fr. Simon de Suecia and Fr. Nicolaus Lundensis, who had
been admitted into the Order in 1219 15/8 and who were sent to Sigtuna
by Dominic at the general chapter held in Bologna 1220 17/5. ●
Provost Gaufred of Sigtuna is not known from any other sources. Although based
in Sigtuna, he was attached to the cathedral chapter of Uppsala, whereto the
archiepiscopal see had been transferred in the 1160s from Sigtuna; thus, one of
its prelates remained in charge of the church in the former see. In 1215-16,
there were plans to re-transfer the see to Sigtuna, but this never happened
(Douglas 1978, 10). ● According to the chronicle, Provost Gaufred was in
Rome to collect the pallium for Archbishop Olof of Uppsala. This must, however,
be a later misunderstanding by the chronicler. Olof’s predecessor, Archbishop
Valerius, was probably still alive in the Autumn of 1220, and Olof Basatömir
was not papally approved as archbishop until January 1224. Thus, if the Sigtuna
provost indeed was in Rome in 1220, the occasion must have been something else
– possibly a matter of the royal Swedish court. ● The background for
Gaufred’s claimed request could be a wish for Dominican assistance to comply
with the task enjoined by the Forth Lateran Council for improving teaching and
preaching in the dioceses.
Published:
Scriptores Rerum Danicarum vol. V, p. 500-502; Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum vol. 66, pp. 162-164; Halvorsen, Dominikus, p. 218-220; Historia ordinis predicatorum in
Dacia (online).
Literature:
Gallén 1946, pp. 4-5; Redelius 1975, p. 112; Jakobsen 2011, pp. 7-8.
Bologna |
Pre-province
of Dacia, Pre-convent of Sigtuna (prov. Dacia) and Convent of Bologna (prov.
Lombardia) |
The
first General Chapter of the Order of Preachers in Bologna decides that Fr.
Simon de Suecia and Fr. Nicolaus Lundensis are to accompany Provost Gaufred to
Sigtuna.
Source: Historia
ordinis predicatorum in Dacia.
Language: Latin.
[...]
Dicti ergo fratres, de concilio generali Bononie sub beato Dominico celebrato
cum eodem preposito missi in Siktuniam [...]
Dansk oversættelse:
[...] De før nævnte brødre blev af generalkapitlet, der blev afholdt
i Bologna under den salige Dominik, sendt til Sigtuna sammen med provsten.
[...]
Comments: On Fr. Simon and
Fr. Nicolaus Lundensis, see 1219 15/8. ● Provost Gaufred of
Sigtuna had met Dominic in Rome earlier in the spring of 1220.
● The chronicle use the term consilio generali, i.e. ‘general
council’, although the Dominican term for the grand meetings of the Order from
the beginning was capitulum generali, ‘general chapter’.
Published:
Scriptores Rerum Danicarum vol. V, p. 500-502; Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum vol. 66, pp. 162-164; Halvorsen, Dominikus, p. 218-220; Historia ordinis predicatorum in
Dacia (online).
Literature:
Hinnebusch 1966, pp. 86-87; Jakobsen 2011, p. 8.
Rome |
Convent of Sigtuna(?) |
Pope Honorius III recommends all Christians in Sweden
to visit the newly founded monastery in Sigtuna dedicated to the Blessed Virgin
Mary, especially on the feast of Her assumption, and to support its
construction with donations and alms, for which all contributors gain 20 days
of indulgence.
Source: Contemporary
transcript in Regesta Vaticana. The Vatican Archives, Rome.
Language: Latin.
Universis Christi fidelibus per Suetiam constitutis. Quum
ut ait apostolus etcetera usque vitam
eternam. Cum igitur sicut accepimus in Sicthunia quoddam claustrum ad honorem
beate virginis noviter sit constructum non sine multis laboribus et expensis,
et ad substentationem fratrum inibi Domino famulantium proprie non suppetant
facultates, universitatem vestram rogamus et monemus attente in remissionem
vobis peccaminum injungentes, quatinus claustrum ipsum divino cultui dedicatum
gratis beneficiis et piis elemosinis adjuvantes illud ad cultum divini nominis
ampliandum saltem in festo assumptionis predicte virginis devote visitare
curetis. Nos enim de misericordia divina et beatorum apostolorum Petri et Pauli
auctoritate confisi omnibus illuc in predicto festo devote convenientibus
viginti dies de injuncta sibi penitentia relaxamus. Datum Laterani, ∙iii∙
idus januarii, pontificatus nostri anno quinto.
Comments: The monastic order in question is not stated, but the
monastery has traditionally been linked to the failed Dominican attempt to
found a convent in Sigtuna from 1220 as described in the chronicle Historia
(e.g. Gallén 1946, 5-6). Dominican historians have, however, argued against such an
identification (Koudelka in MOPH XXV
138; Tugwell 1996, 20). In favour of its Dominican reference is the dedication
to Virgin Mary, who also became the patron saint of the Order’s lasting convent
foundation in Sigtuna in 1237. An additional argument is that no other monastic
foundation is known to have taken place in the town. ● The papal bull may
have been obtained through Bishop Bengt of Skara, apparently a friend of the
Friars Preachers, who stayed at the Curia in the winter 1220-21. ● The
Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary was the 15 August.
Published: Diplomatarium Suecanum
vol. I no. 205; Monumenta Ordinis Fratrum
Praedicatorum Historica vol. XXV no.
138.
Rome |
Pre-province
of Dacia |
Pope
Honorius III recommends the Order of Preachers to King Valdemar II of Denmark,
and asks the king to welcome the friars, “who come to your country to
evangelise the name of our lord Jesus Christ to the pagans and to minister the
bread of God’s word to the faithful in Christ”.
Source: Original document.
Landeshauptarchiv, Schwerin.
Language: Latin.
Honorius episcopus servus servorum Dei,
carissimo in Christo filio, illustri regi Danorum, salutem et apostolicam
benedictionem. Cum cui recipit prophetam in nomine prophete mercedem prophete
accipiat, viros predicatores ecclesie sancte pernecessarios tue libenter
magnitudini commendamus, ut ex hoc mercedem tibi compares incomparabilem apud
Deum. Hin est quod cum dilecti filii fratres predicatores ex pio quem ipsis
dominus inspiravit affectu ad partes tuas accedant, ut nomen evangelizent
domini nostri Jhesu Christi gentibus et Christi ministrent fidelibus pabulum
verbi Dei eos regali mansuetudini duximus propensius commendandos, rogantes
attentius et hortantes, quatinus ipsis ministerio predicationis congruum
impendas et impendi facias a tuis subditis consilium, auxilium et favorem ita
quod dominus qui adhuc vocat operarios in messem suam cum multa sit et operarii
pauuci tibi augeat et gratiam in presenti et gloriam in futuro. Datum Lateranii
∙ii∙ nonas maii pontificatus nostri anno quinto.
Dansk oversættelse:
Honorius biskop, Guds tjeneres tjener, til sin kære søn i
Kristus, de danskes berømmelige konge: Hilsen og apostolisk velsignelse. Da
den, der modtager en profet i profetens navn, skal få en profets løn, anbefaler
vi gerne de for den hellige kirke uundværlige prædikenens mænd til dig, for at
du herigennem kan erhverve dig en uforlignelig løn hos Gud. Derfor har vi, da
vore elskede sønner, prædikebrødrene, ifølge den fromme kærlighed, som Herren
har indgivet dem, der kommer til dit land for at udbrede det glade budskab om
vor herre Jesu Kristi navn for folkeslagene [: hedningene] og uddele Gudsordets
brød til Kristi troende, ment indstændigt at burde anbefale dem til dig,
højhjertede konge, og indtrængende bede og opfordre til, at du giver og sørger
for, at der passende og velvilligt gives dem råd og hjælp af dine undergivne
til prædikegerningen, således at Herren, som stadig kalder arbejdere til sin
høst, da den er stor og arbejderne få, både kan vise dig des større nåde i det
nuværende liv og des større hæder i det tilkommende. Givet i Lateranet den 6.
maj i vort pavedømmes femte år.
English translation:
Bishop Honorius, servant for the servants of God,
to his dear son in Christ, the illustrious king of Danes, [send his] greetings and
apostolic blessing. Since he, who receives a prophet in the name of the prophet
shall be given a prophet’s reward, we happily recommend to you the Holy
Church’s indispensable men of preaching, so that you hereby can achieve
incomparable reward from God. Thus, since our beloved sons, the Friars
Preachers, according to the pious love given to them by the Lord now come to
your country to evangelise the name of our lord Jesus Christ to the pagans and
to minister the bread of God’s word to the faithful in Christ, we have decided
to recommend them profoundly to you, clement king, and urgently request and endorse you to
give, and to make sure that your subjects will give, them suitable
and favourable advice and assistance for their preaching, so that the Lord, who
still calls workers to His harvest, since it is huge and the workers are
few, can show you even greater mercy in this life as well as greater honour in
the one to come. Given in the Lateran on 6 May in the fifth year of our
pontificate.
Comments: The bull appears to be one of the letters that St. Dominic gave
to Fr. Salomon at the general chapter in 1221 30/5 to bring with him
to Denmark. On the back of the document is
written: Regi Danorum. ● The bull seems to be based on a
general bull Cum qui recipit, widely
issued in 1221 4/2-25/5 (BOP I Hon. III 20, 22 and 26), but it is unique by
including comments on the friars preaching among pagans (Tugwell 1998, 74-75
and 81-82).
Published: Bullarium Danicum no. 170; Diplomatarium Danicum
1. ser. vol. V no. 194.
Pre-province
of Dacia, Convent of Friesach (prov. Teutonia) |
After
his admission to the Order of Preachers, Fr. Salomon joins Fr. Paulus for a
journey to Hungary, where the latter is prior, but as they pass Friesach on the
way and find the convent there without a prior or a priest, Paulus decides that
Salomon should stay in Friesach as prior, while Paulus himself continues to
Hungary.
Source: Historia
ordinis predicatorum in Dacia.
Language: Latin.
[...] Eodem anno [:1220] in festo
pasche frater Salomon, natus Arhusie in Jutia, intravit ordinem Verone in Lombardia.
Hic primum constituit ire in Ungariam cum fratre Paulo hic prior erat cuiusdam
domus illius regni, sed cum venissent in Frisacum in Theuthonia, invenerunt
fratres illius domus solatio sacerdotis destitutos. Tunc enim inter eos prior
et sacerdos erat, quem satanas expetens cribravit ad seculum extrahendo. Unde
prior Paulus fratribus compatiens reliquit eis pro priore et sacerdote fratrem
Salomonem. Ipse autem in Ungariam
profectus. Anno autem Domini 1221 celebratur secundum concilium generale Bononie
a beato Dominico. Huic concilio interfuit dictus Salomon [...].
Dansk oversættelse:
[...] I påsken samme år trådte broder Salomon, født i Århus i Jylland, ind i ordenen i Verona i Lombardiet. Han satte sig først for at tage til Ungarn sammen med broder Paulus, som var prior i et kloster i det kongerige, men da de kom til Friesach i Tyskland, fandt de brødrene i klosteret dér uden en præsts omsorg. For tidligere havde der iblandt dem været en prior og præst, som Satan havde lokket tilbage til verden. Prior Paulus følte medynk med brødrene og lod dem få broder Salomon til prior og præst. Selv drog han videre til Ungarn. Men i det Herrens år 1221 blev det andet generalkapitel afholdt i Bologna af den salige Dominik. Førnævnte Salomon var til stede ved kapitlet [...].
Comments: On Fr. Salomon, see
1220
22/3. ● The identity of Fr. Paulus is uncertain. An
obvious candidate would be Fr. Paulus de
Hungaria, who was a doctor of canon law and had been regent master at the university
in Bologna, before joining the Order of Preachers as one of the first disciples
of Dominic, who put him in charge of the convent in Bologna as its prior. He
is, however, not known to have left Italy in 1220, and he attended the general
chapter in Bologna in 1220 17/5, so a possible journey home
to Hungary must have taken place between this and the following chapter in
Bologna in 1221 30/5, where he also attended. At
this chapter, both he and Fr. Salomon were sent by Dominic to their respective
home provinces in order to establish the Order there (Hinnebusch 1966, 82 and
93). There were no Dominican convents in Hungary in 1220, so Paulus could not
possibly have been a prior for any such house – thus, for his alleged ‘prior’ status to make sense it rather refers to the
convent in Bologna. Tugwell, however, fully dismisses an identification with
Fr. Paulus de Hungaria and doubts that Prior Paul was even a Dominican (Tugwell
1996, 25). ● Friesach is a mountain village in the eastern Alp region of
Carinthia (Kärnten). By chance it became home of the first Dominican convent in
the German-speaking region, probably founded in 1219-20, when a local priest
had joined the Order of Preachers during a stay in Bologna and decided to form
a convent here at his return. Apparently, however, he soon gave up on the
project and left his followers, among whom there were no priests. This was how
Fr. Paulus and Fr. Salomon found them in 1220. In the spring of 1221 at the
latest, Fr. Salomon went back to Italy – possibly alongside Fr. Paulus
returning from Hungary? – to take part in the general chapter in Bologna in 1221 30/5,
where Salomon reported on the situation in Friesach. As the 1221-chapter sent a
range of recruited friars to their home regions to expand the Order, the Polish
delegation, including Fr. Jacek Odrowaz (St. Hyacinth), was told by Dominic to
make a stop in Friesach on their way to Poland, to sort out the problem of
lacking leadership. When the Order did not just abandon this odd village
location it was probably because Friesach constituted a highly useful place of
accomodation for friars travelling through the Alps (Freed 1977, 30-32).
Published:
Scriptores Rerum Danicarum vol. V, p. 500-502; Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum vol. 66, pp. 162-164; Halvorsen, Dominikus, p. 218-220; Historia ordinis predicatorum in
Dacia (online).
Literature:
Hinnebusch 1966, p. 95; Halvorsen 2002, pp. 232-233.
Bologna |
Pre-province
of Dacia, Convent of Bologna (prov. Lombardia) |
At the second General Chapter of the Order of Preachers in Bologna Fr.
Salomon is sent by Master General Dominic to King Valdemar II of Denmark and
Archbishop Anders Sunesen of Lund with letters from the pope and from the
master general himself.
Source: Historia
ordinis predicatorum in Dacia.
Language: Latin.
Anno
autem domini 1221 celebratur secundum concilium generale Bononie a beato
Dominico. Huic concilio interfuit dictus Salomon et de eodem misit eum beatus
Dominicus ad Waldemarum regem Dacie et Andream archiepiscopum Lundensem cum
litteris domini pape et suis.
Dansk oversættelse:
Men i det Herrens år 1221 blev det andet generalkapitel afholdt
i Bologna af den salige Dominik. Førnævnte Salomon var til stede ved kapitlet,
og derfra sendte den salige Dominik ham til Valdemar, Danmarks konge, og
Anders, ærkebiskop af Lund, med breve fra hr. paven og sig selv.
Comments: On Fr. Salomon, see
1220
22/3. ● One such letter mentioned in the chronicle
is indeed extant in the form of a letter of recommendation for the Order of
Preachers issued by Pope Honorius III to King Valdemar II in 1221 6/5;
thus, the plan to send friars to Denmark must have been conceived already by
then.
Published:
Scriptores Rerum Danicarum vol. V, p. 500-502; Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum vol. 66, pp. 162-164; Halvorsen, Dominikus, p. 218-220; Historia ordinis predicatorum in
Dacia (online).
Pre-province
of Dacia, Convents of Cologne (prov. Teutonia) and Paris (prov. Francia) |
After being enjoined by
Master General Dominic and the General Chapter of Friars Preachers to go to
Denmark to introduce the Order there, Fr. Salomon first travels from Bologna to
Cologne, where he receives a house, but as he is not able to find any travel
company to Denmark, he goes to the convent in Paris, where a laybrother from
Lombardy is assigned as his socius onwards to Flanders. Here, Fr. Salomon finds
a ship bound for Denmark, but due to a terrific storm and dense fog, the ship
passes Denmark to land near Nidaros in Norway. During the storm, the ship is
miraculously saved from certain shripwreck, as the now deceased St. Dominic is
seen by Salomon to keep the vessel safe and steady in his arms. In Norway, Fr.
Salomon is received by Earl Skule, who provides escorte for him via a difficult
land route from Nidaros to Copenhagen in Denmark. Here, the friar is received
by Archbishop Anders Sunesen of Lund, who after having read the letters that
Salomon has brought with him from the pope and St. Dominic, exclaims: »Welcome!
May it so happen that we in all the churches under our jurisdiction may have
such an order.«
Source: Historia
ordinis predicatorum in Dacia.
Language: Latin.
Anno autem
Domini 1221 celebratur secundum concilium generale Bononie a beato Dominico.
Huic concilio interfuit dictus Salomon et de eodem misit eum beatus Dominicus
ad Waldemarum regem Dacie et Andream archiepiscopum Lundensem cum litteris
domini pape et suis. Qui transitum faciens per Coloniam domum recepit ibidem.
De Colonia vero, quia socium vie versus Daciam habere non potuit, venit
Parisius et inde cum quodam converso Lombardo sibi in socium dato venit in
Flandriam. Illic autem inveniens navem euntem in Daciam ascendit in eam. Sed
insurgentibus tempestate gravissima et nebula densissima, circumlegens Daciam,
tandem post dies multos in Norvegia circa partes Nidrosienses applicavit. Non
pretereundum puto qualiter in augustiis famulum suum consolatus fuerit adiutor
in tribulationibus. Cum enim navis in mare hinc inde jactaretur et quasi
fluctibus operiretur et omnes humano jam destituti auxilio acerbe mortis
indicium expectarent et Deum toto corde invocarent, visit dictus frater Salomon
beatum Dominicum, qui eodem anno ad regna migraverat celestia, navem ipsam
brachiis suis sustentare sublevatam. Postmodum de Nidrosia, laboribus
gravissimis propter viarum asperitates et maris pericula, auxilio nobilis viri
Skule Jarl, venit frater Salomon Copendehaafn et ibi dominum archiepiscopum
invenit. Qui, receptis litteris domini pape et beati Dominici et perlectis,
fratrem benigne suscipiens eum sic alloquitur: Bene venisti, utinam in omni
ecclesia que est de cura nostra haberemus unum de tali ordine. Illis temporibus
erat in Dacia legatus cardinalis dominus Gregorius de Crescentia. Qui fratrem
Salomonem, quia litteratus erat et facundus, sibi associans ipsum in
predicationibus suis interpretem habuit.
Dansk oversættelse:
Men i det Herrens år 1221 blev det andet generalkapitel afholdt i Bologna af den salige Dominik. Førnævnte Salomon var til stede ved kapitlet, og derfra sendte den salige Dominik ham til Valdemar, Danmarks konge, og Anders, ærkebiskop af Lund, med breve fra hr. paven og sig selv. Da han rejste igennem Köln, modtog han et hus dér. Fordi han ikke fandt nogen rejseledsager til Danmark, drog han fra Köln til Paris og derfra til Flandern sammen med en lombardisk lægbroder, som han havde fået til ledsager. Dér gik han ombord i et skib han fandt, som skulle til Danmark. Men da det kom til voldsom storm og meget tyk tåge, sejlede han udenom Danmark, og efter mange dage landede han i Norge i nærheden af Nidaros. Jeg synes ikke jeg kan undlade at berette om, hvordan han, som er en hjælper i prøvelser, trøstede sin tjener i hans trængsler. For mens skibet blev kastet hid og did på søen, næsten dækket af bølgerne, og alle, hinsides al menneskelig hjælp, ventede på denne bitre dødens dom og påkaldte Gud af hele deres hjerter, så førnævnte broder Salomon den salige Dominik, som samme år var vandret hen til Himmelens rige, holde skibet oppe med sine arme. Derefter kom broder Salomon med stor møjsommelighed på grund af ufremkommelige veje og havets farer, ved den ædle hr. Skule Jarls hjælp, fra Nidaros til København, og dér fandt han ærkebiskoppen. Efter at have modtaget og læst brevene fra hr. paven og den salige Dominik, tog han venligt imod broderen og sagde til ham: “Velkommen! Måtte det mage sig således, at Vi i alle kirker, der hører under Vor forvaltning, kunne få en sådan orden”.
Comments: On Fr. Salomon, see 1220 22/3.
● Although not said explicitly, it would appear that Fr. Salomon for the
first part of his journey had joined a group of German friars, led by Fr.
Christianus, whom at the same general chapter in Bologna had been enjoined to
go to Cologne (Hinnebusch 1966, 93-94). When the chronicle claims that it was
Salomon, who received a house in Cologne (and, thus, established a convent
there), a more actual reading would probably be that he took part in the
foundation along with his German companions. ● Afterwards, Fr. Salomon is
likely to have accompanied one of the German friars from Cologne to Paris,
where the Dominican convent of Saint-Jacques had been established in 1218
already. ● It is not clear what errand the Lombard laybrother could have
had in Flanders, where no Dominican convents were established at this time, but
he may have sought a shipping opportunity for either England or his Italian
homeland. The most likely Flemish port of departure for both friars would have
been Bruges. ● Master General Dominic died on 6 August 1221, suggesting
that the voyage on the North Sea should have taken place after this date. Thus,
this would appear to be one of the first recorded miracles worked by St.
Dominic. ● Earl Skule Bårdsson
(Skule Jarl, †1240) was a powerful
magnate with residence in Nidaros. He became
father-in-law to King Håkon Håkonsson and was for long de facto regent of
Norway, with the northern third of the kingdom as his private earldom (from
1237 duchy). Skule’s relations to King Håkon gradually worsened during the
1230s, leading to his own claim for the throne in 1239. In the following war,
he was killed by royal forces at Helgeseter Abbey in 1240. Earl Skule’s
religious side is often overlooked, but he did establish annual masses with the
cathedral chapter in Nidaros in 1225 and founded a nunnery (possibly
Augustinian) at his family manor in Rein in the late 1220s. Although no
explicit connections between Skule and the Friars Preachers are evidenced
subsequent to his meeting with Fr. Salomon in 1220, the foundation of a
Dominican convent in Nidaros some time before 1240 could hardly have taken
place without Skule’s positive involvement. Lange even suggested that it was
indeed the accidental meeting with Salomon that would have initiated a
foundation in Nidaros shortly after (Lange 1856, 228). It is not known when
this convent was established – Gallén (1946, 21) suggested the period 1228-34 –
but the first extant reference to it is from 1240 21/5 actually concerns ducal relations, as it is said that when
King Håkon’s forces attacked Nidaros, the duke’s son, Peter Skulesson, tried to
escape through the Dominican priory, where the friars offered him asylum. But
as he (justifiably) had little trust that his enemies would acknowledge such a
refuge, he continued to join his father at Helgeseter Abbey outside the city,
where they were both eventually driven out and killed by the king’s men. ●
Archbishop Anders Sunesen of Lund
(†1228) was in office 1201-1224. He is thought to have participated in the
Lateran Council of 1215 in Rome and is considered by historians to be the best
educated and most intelligent church leader of medieval Denmark. Furthermore, he
was out of the Hvide family, the most powerful noble clan of high medieval
Denmark, and played a leading role in Danish crusade policy to Estonia from
1203. He caught leprosy in Estonia and was absolved from office in 1224. If his
alleged welcoming wording is to be taken literally, “all the churches in our jurisdiction”
should probably be understood as all the dioceses. Before the mid-thirteenth
century, eight out of the nine dioceses within the Danish church province had
indeed seen the foundation of a Dominican convent. Anders Sunesen himself very
much appears to have been the primary initiator of the initial convent
foundation in Lund, for which he most likely donated a site in 1222 22/5.
Published:
Scriptores Rerum Danicarum vol. V, p. 500-502; Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum vol. 66, pp. 162-164; Halvorsen, Dominikus, p. 218-220; Historia ordinis predicatorum in
Dacia (online).
(Lund) |
Convent of Lund |
Archbishop
Anders Sunesen of Lund donates a farm with a chapel in Lund to the Friars
Preachers, where the first (lasting) convent of the Order in Scandinavia is
founded.
Sources: A. Historia
ordinis predicatorum in Dacia, B. Annales Ripenses, C. Annales
1101-1313, D. Annales Petri Olavi.
Language: Latin.
A:
(...) Illis temporibus erat in Dacia legatus cardinalis dominus Gregorius de Crescentio. Qui fratrem Salomonem, quia litteratus erat et facundus, sibi associans ipsum in predicationibus suis interpretem habuit. Tandem sequenti anno circa pentecosten, favente Dei gratia et dicto cardinali suggerente, dominus archiepiscopus dedit fratribus Lundis locum anno domini 1221 et edificia fratribus apta construxit. Hoc audito fratres qui missi fuerant in Sueciam venerunt Lundis ad fratrem Salomonem et alii quamplures qui recepti fuerant Parisius et Bononie, et fratrem Simonem sibi priorem constituunt. (...)
Dansk oversættelse:
(...) På den tid befandt kardinallegaten hr. Gregor de
Crescentio sig i Danmark. Han tog broder Salomon som assistent fordi han var
både veluddannet og veltalende, og brugte ham som tolk, når han prædikede.
Endelig, året efter ved pinsetid, ved Guds nådes hjælp og efter forslag fra den
nævnte kardinal, gav hr. ærkebiskoppen brødrene en grund i Lund i det Herrens
år 1221 og opførte bygninger egnede til brødrene. Da dette hørtes af de brødre,
som var sendt til Sverige, kom de til broder Salomon i Lund, og ligeledes svært
mange andre, som var blevet optaget i ordenen i Paris og Bologna, og de valgte
broder Simon til deres prior. (...)
B
og C:
1221. Fratres predicatores Lundis locum receperunt ab Andrea archiepiscopo.
Dansk oversættelse:
1221. Prædikebrødrene i Lund modtog en grund af ærkebiskop
Anders.
D1:
1221. Beatus Dominicus obiit. Eodem anno
Andreas archiepiscopus dedit fratribus predicatoribus Lundis curiam suam cum
capella. Et fundatus est
conventus Lundensis, qui primus omnium est illius ordinis in regnis aquilonis.
Dansk oversættelse:
1221. Den salige Dominik døde. Samme år gav ærkebiskop Anders
prædikebrødrene i Lund sin gård med et kapel. Og konventet i Lund blev
grundlagt, som det første af alle af denne orden i Nordens riger.
D2:
Hic Andreas (...) etiam dedit fratribus predicatoribus Lundis curiam suam
cum capella circa annos Domini 1221. Et fundator est conventus Lundensis, qui
primus omnium est illius ordinis in regnis aquilonis.
Dansk oversættelse:
Denne Anders (...) gav også prædikebrødrene i Lund sin gård med
et kapel omkring det Herrens år 1221. Og konventet i Lund blev grundlagt, som
det første af alle af denne orden i Nordens riger.
Comments: Pentecost in 1222 took place on 22 May. ● Cardinal
Gregorius de Crescentio came to Denmark as papal legate in the summer of 1222.
During his stay, he travelled around Denmark and dealt with various
ecclesiastical matters, mainly the classic issue of Danish priests’ problems
with keeping the celibacy. It is probably on this tour around Denmark that
Legate Gregor put good use to Fr. Salomon’s language skills. · The
foundation year of the Dominican convent in Lund is highly disputed.
Apparently, the confusion is caused by a simple error in one of the sources,
which the others have repeated. In Historia, Fr. Salomon is clearly sent
out on his journey to Scandinavia after the general chapter of 1221, and “in
the following year around Pentecost”, the chronicle says, Archbishop Anders
gave the site to the Order “in 1221”. Clearly, there is something wrong with
the chronology of the text, when the year after 1221 can be 1221, and since the
second mentioning of the year seems rather superfluous, it is likely that it is
an erroneous addition made by a later transcriber - perhaps in accordance with
his knowledge of the annals, in which the annalist then could have misread the
original text of the Historia. ● The donated farm may be identical
to a farm acquired by the archbishop in June 1222.
Published: A. Scriptores Rerum Danicarum vol. V, p. 500-502; Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum vol. 66, pp. 162-164; Halvorsen, Dominikus, p. 218-220; Historia ordinis predicatorum in
Dacia (online).
B. Scriptores Rerum Danicarum
vol. II, p.
172; Annales
Danici, p. 152; Danmarks middelalderlige annaler, p. 260. C. Scriptores
Rerum Danicarum vol. IV, p. 24; Annales Danici,
p. 201; Danmarks middelalderlige annaler, p. 313. D1. Scriptores Rerum Danicarum vol. I, p. 183. D2. Annales Danici, p. 206.
Glostorp |
Convent of Lund? |
Archbishop
Anders Sunesen of Lund exchanges property in Lund with the cathedral chapter,
so that the canons receive all property and privileges attached to the Major
Church of St. Mary in Lund, while the archbishop in return gets a farm with
gardens in Lund, which used to belong to Master Johannes.
Source: Transcript in Lundebogen.
Language: Latin.
Andreas,
Dei gratia archiepiscopus Lundensis, Suecie primas, universis presentes
litteras inspecturis, salutem et de bono in melius proficere. Noverint
universi, quod nos, jus patronatus habentes ecclesie sancte Marie majoris in
civitate Lundensi, de voluntate et consensu omnium parrochianorum ipsius
ecclesie et aliorum jus habentium in eadem, damus et conferimus jure permutationis
Lundensi capitulo eorumque successoribus in perpetuum, omnes possessiones
supradicte ecclesie sancte Marie, ad habendum, tenendum, fruendum, possidendum,
et quidquid eis eorumque successoribus de ipsis placuerit libere faciendum pro
eo scilicet quod idem capitulum curiam cum ortis et aliis pertinenciis suis,
que olim fuit magistri Johannis, nobis, nostrisque successoribus, eodem
permutationis jure perpetualiter donaverunt renunciantes omni juris auxilio
canonico et civili non obstante etiam exceptione deceptionis ultra medietatem
justi precii, que nobis nostrisque successoribus posset competere in hoc facto.
Si quis autem contra permutationem huiusmodi quam semper illibatam servari
volumus venire presumpserit, centum marcas argenti penam incurrat, qua soluta,
nichilominus permutatio ipsa, in sua permaneat firmitate. Datum in mansione
nostra Glustorp ∙xvi∙ kalendas julii anno incarnationis Dominice
MCCXXII.
Dansk oversættelse:
Anders, af Guds nåde ærkebiskop af Lund, Sveriges primas, til
alle, der får dette brev at se: Hilsen og fremgang fra godt til bedre. Alle
skal vide, at vi, der har patronatsret til kirken Store Skt. Maria i byen Lund,
med vilje og samtykke fra hele sognefolket ved samme kirke og fra andre, der
har ret i samme, ved mageskifte giver og overdrager kapitlet i Lund og dets
efterfølgere til evig tid alle ovennævnte Skt. Maria kirkes besiddelser til at
have, eje, nyde, besidde og frit gøre med, hvad der passer dem og deres
efterfølgere, og det til gengæld for, at samme kapitel ligeledes ved mageskifte
til evig tid har givet os og vore efterfølgere den gård med haver og andre
tilliggender, som tidligere tilhørte magister Johannes. Vi giver afkald på al
retshjælp, hentet fra kanonisk og romersk ret, ligeså på indsigelse om svig for
mere end det halve af den rette pris, som kunne tilkomme os og vore
efterfølgere i dette forhold. Men hvis nogen fordrister sig til at handle imod
dette mageskifte, som det er vor vilje altid skal bevares ukrænkeligt, pådrager
han sig en bøde på 100 mark sølv. Når den er betalt, skal selve mageskiftet
ikke desto mindre stå ved magt som før. Givet på vor gård Glostorp den 16. juni
i året 1222 for Herrens menneskevorden.
Comments: See below.
Published: Diplomatarium Suecanum vol. I no. 212; Diplomatarium Danicum 1. ser. vol. V no. 203.
Archbishop
Anders Sunesen of Lund confirms the above-mentioned transaction to the canons
of the cathedral chapter, in which it is furthermore told that the exchange of
property was witnessed by Cardinal Legate Gregorius de Crescentio.
Source: Transcript in Lundebogen.
Language: Latin.
Andreas Dei gratia Lundensis archiepiscopus Suecie primas, dilectis in Christo filiis, decano, archidiacono ceterisque Lundensis ecclesie canonicis, salutem et paternam dilectionem. Quia defectum rerum necessariarum apud vos esse percepimus, defectum vestrum ex quo oportunitas se optulit intendimus supplere redditusque vestros, penuriam vestram relaxando ampliare curavimus et curamus. Huius rei intuitu notum facimus tam presentibus quam futuris quod ecclesiam sancte Marie in civitate Lundensi, que ecclesia sancte Marie major vocatur, vobis canonice a nobis collatam, presente venerabili Gregorio de [Cre]s[c]entio apostolice sedis legato, tituli sancti Theodori dyacono cardinali, super hoc negotio dispensante vobis et successoribus vestris in perpetuum confirmamus, ut predicta ecclesia, cum terris cultis et incultis sibi attinentibus et pratis et possessionibus et decimis episcopalibus, oblationibus, ceteris oventionibus annexis in usus vestros, jure perpetuo vobis cedat. Et ne super hoc facto, processu temporis, aliqua possit notiva vobis calumpnia gravari, presentem paginam, sigilli nostri testimonio dignum duximus roborare. Datum Lundis anno Dominice incarnationis millesimo ducentesimo vicesimo secundo.
Dansk oversættelse:
Anders, af Guds nåde ærkebiskop af Lund, Sveriges primas, til
sine elskede sønner i Kristus dekanen, ærkedegnen og de øvrige kannikker ved
kirken i Lund: Hilsen med faderlig kærlighed. Da vi har forstået, at I mangler
de nødvendigste ting, og det har været vor agt at udfylde manglerne for jer,
når da en lejlighed bød sig, har vi sørget for og sørger nu for at mildne jeres
armod og forøge jeres indtægter. Med henblik herpå gør vi vitterligt for så vel
nulevende som tilkommende, at vi for jer og jeres efterfølgere til evig tid
stadfæster den Skt. Maria kirke i byen Lund, som kaldes Store Skt. Maria og er
overdraget jer af os på kanonisk vis i nærværelse af den ærværdige Gregorius de
Crescentio, det apostoliske sædes legat, kardinaldiakon af San Teodoro, der gav
dispensation hertil, således at førnævnte kirke med de dyrkede og udyrkede
jorder med enge og besiddelser, der hører til, og bispetiende og offergaver og
de øvrige indtægter, der er henlagt til den, med rette til evig tid skal
tilfalde jer til jeres brug. Og for at der ikke i tidens løb skal opstå en for
jer skadelig trætte om denne vor handling, har vi anset det for rigtigt at
bestyrke dette brev med vort segls vidnesbyrd. Givet i Lund år
1222 for Herrens menneskevorden.
Comments: Nothing explicitly links the urban farm in Lund acquired by
Archbishop Anders Sunesen to the Dominican convent foundation, but when taking
into consideration the time (not a month after Pentecost), the presence of
Cardinal Legate Gregorius de Crescentio at the transaction, the likely location
of the formerly canon farm nearby the cathedral chapter (where the Dominican
priory was built) and that the farm is not heard of again in the episcopal
records, there seems to be strong indications that this was indeed the curia that Anders Sunesen gave to the
Friars Preachers “around Pentecost in 1222” for their
first lasting priory foundation in Scandinavia. ● On Gregorius de
Crescentio, see 1222 Jun-Nov. The second letter seems to
verify that Cardinal Legate Gregorius de Crescentio indeed was, as claimed by the
chronicle, present in Skåne in the early summer of 1222. A former claim by Knut
B. Westman that he still was in Bohemia by 2 July 1222 (Westman 1915, 269 and 280 note 2), which led Jarl Gallén to move the Dominican convent foundation in Lund
to 1223 (Gallén 1946, 9-11), has subsequently shown to be based on a printing
error in the Bohemian diplomatarium for what should have been 2 July 1221 (DD 1 V 203,
commentary). ● Glostorp
was an archiepiscopal mansion situated just south of Malmö.
Published: Diplomatarium Suecanum vol. I no. 213; Diplomatarium Danicum 1. ser. vol. V no. 204.
Pre-province
of Dacia |
Cardinal Legate
Gregorius de Crescentia takes Fr. Salomon of the Order of Preachers on as his
assistant and interpreter while in Denmark, as he finds the friar both educated
and eloquent.
Source: Historia
ordinis predicatorum in Dacia.
Language: Latin.
Illis
temporibus erat in Dacia legatus cardinalis dominus Gregorius de Crescentia.
Qui fratrem Salomonem, quia litteratus erat et facundus, sibi associans ipsum
in predicationibus suis interpretem habuit.
Dansk oversættelse:
På den tid befandt kardinallegaten hr. Gregor af Crescentia sig i Danmark. Han tog broder Salomon som assistent fordi han var både veluddannet og veltalende, og brugte ham som tolk, når han prædikede.
Comments: On Fr. Salomon, see
1220
22/3. ● Cardinal Gregorius de Crescentia came
to Denmark as papal legate in the late spring of 1222 (DD 1 V 201). The major
purpose of his arrival to Scandinavia seems to have been a disputed coronation
in Sweden, but since the king in question had died a few months before
Gregorius’ arrival, the problem had so to speak solved itself. Instead, the
legate was able to travel around Denmark and deal with matters of a more
ecclesiastical character. He began his Danish legate journey in Jylland, from
where he went to Skåne, where he was present when Archbishop Anders Sunesen
made an exchange of property with his cathedral chapter in 1222 16/6,
which may have accommodated or at least enlarged the site that the archbishop
donated to the Order of Preachers around 1222 22/5 to
fascilitate a convent foundation, something which the cardinal legate is said
to have advocated. One of the main issues on Cardinal Gregorius’ legation in
Denmark was an actual implementation of celibacy among the parish clergy. It
was probably on his tour around the Danish dioceses in the late summer and
autumn of 1222 that Legate Gregorius put good use to Frater Salomon’s
learnedness and language skills. In November 1222, the legate led an ecclesiastical
meeting in Schleswig with attendance of all Danish bishops and many prelates,
where the ecclesiastical celibacy were among the issues, along with a
prohibition against dances, games, theatres and brawls in church buildings,
whereas these could be used for asylum under certain conditions (DD 1 V 209).
Thus, it is possible that Fr. Salomon may have taken part in this church
meeting as well.
Published:
Scriptores Rerum Danicarum vol. V, p. 500-502; Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum vol. 66, pp. 162-164; Halvorsen, Dominikus, p. 218-220; Historia ordinis predicatorum in
Dacia (online).
Pre-convent
of Sigtuna |
The
plans of establishing a convent of Friars Preachers in Sigtuna is obstructed by
Archbishop Olof Basatömir of Uppsala. The friars are instead given a site in
Sko by Lord Knut Långe.
Source: Historia
ordinis predicatorum in Dacia.
Language: Latin.
Dicti
ergo fratres, de concilio generali Bononie sub beato Dominico celebrato cum
eodem preposito missi in Siktuniam, locum ibidem impediente Olavo archiepiscopo
supradicto obtinere non potuerunt. Quod attendens dominus Canutus Longus locum
eis in Sko assignavit.
Dansk oversættelse:
De før nævnte brødre blev af generalkapitlet, der blev afholdt i
Bologna under den salige Dominik, sendt til Sigtuna sammen med provsten. Der
kunne de imidlertid ikke finde noget sted at være, da den nævnte ærkebiskop
Olof lagde dem hindringer i vejen. Da hr. Knut Långe hørte dette, gav han dem
et sted i Sko.
Comments: The chronicle does
not state any exact year for the events. Olof Basatömir’s predecessor as
archbishop of Uppsala died on 7 April in either 1221, 1222 or 1223 (Halvorsen
2002, 229-230), and Olof – who had been Bishop of Strängnäs since 1219 – was
elected as his successor shortly after; he was papally approved as archbishop
in January 1224. The termination of the Dominican project in Sigtuna is likely
to have occurred shortly after Olof’s election. ● The friars referred to
in Sigtuna are Fr. Simon de Suetia and Fr. Nicolaus Lundensis (see 1219 15/8),
who had been sent to Sigtuna along with Provost Gaufred by the general chapter
in 1220
17/5. ● The reasons for the archbishop’s dislike to
the Dominican plans in Sigtuna are not known, but it was probably partly in order to secure the young Swedish church
province from influence of Danish ‘primacy’ (claimed by the Archbishop of Lund)
and the Gregorian ideas of the Curia, where Olof may have seen the Friars
Preachers as too closely related to both Lund and Rome. ● A Dominican
convent was eventually founded in Sigtuna in 1237 – three years
after the death of Archbishop Olof. ● Knut Holmgersson Långe was an ambitious magnate from Uppland, who
later managed to take the Swedish throne from 1229 to 1234. Sko is the name of a place just outside
of Sigtuna by Lake Mälarn, but as it in no way can be termed ‘urban’, it cannot
have been very attractive to the friars, who shortly after left to join the new
convent in Lund. Still, Knut Långe was apparently quite determined to establish
a monastic convent in Sko, and in the early 1230s, after he had become king, he
transferred a convent of Cistercian nuns from Småland to what was to be Sko
Kloster. Knut’s affection for the place is proved by the fact that he himself chose
to be buried there.
Published:
Scriptores Rerum Danicarum vol. V, p. 500-502; Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum vol. 66, pp. 162-164; Halvorsen, Dominikus, p. 218-220; Historia ordinis predicatorum in
Dacia (online).
Literature:
Halvorsen 2002, pp. 229-232; Jakobsen 2011, p. 8.
Convent
of Lund |
When
news of the foundation of a convent in Lund reaches the Friars Preachers sent
to Sweden, they join Fr. Salomon in Lund, along with a great number of others,
who have been recruited for the Order in Paris and Bologna, and they elect Fr.
Simon as their prior.
Source: Historia
ordinis predicatorum in Dacia.
Language: Latin.
Hoc
audito fratres qui missi fuerant in Sueciam venerunt Lundis ad fratrem
Salomonem et alii quamplures qui recepti fuerant Parisius et Bononie, et
fratrem Simonem sibi priorem constituunt.
Dansk oversættelse:
Da dette hørtes af de brødre, som var sendt til Sverige, kom de
til broder Salomon i Lund, og ligeledes svært mange andre, som var blevet
optaget i ordenen i Paris og Bologna, og de valgte broder Simon til deres
prior.
Comments: The friars sent to
Sweden were Fr. Simon and Fr. Nicolaus (see 1219 15/8),
who since the termination of the project in Sigtuna had been accommodated in
Sko, see 1221-23.
Published:
Scriptores Rerum Danicarum vol. V, p. 500-502; Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum vol. 66, pp. 162-164; Halvorsen, Dominikus, p. 218-220; Historia ordinis predicatorum in
Dacia (online).
Rome |
Order
of Preachers (incl. Dacia) |
Pope
Honorius III grants the master general and the brethren of the Order of Preachers
the privilege to celebrate quiet mass during times of interdict, i.e. behind
closed doors, with low voices, without bell-ringing, and without participation
of anyone excommunicated. A Scandinavian copy of the letter may have been given
to Fr. Rodulfus Dacus.
Sources: A. Original
document. The Swedish National Archives, Stockholm. B. Register of Scanian
Letters.
Language: A. Latin. B.
Swedish.
A:
Honorius episcopus servus servorum Dei,
dilectis filiis .. magistro et fratribus ordinis predicatorum: salutem et
apostolicam benedictionem. Favorabilibus precibus vestris benignum impertientes
assensum, auctoritate vobis presentium indulgemus, ut generalis tempore
interdicti, liceat vobis in ecclesiis vestris in quibus collegium fuerit non
pulsatis campanis, januis clausis, excommunicatis et interdictis exclusis,
submissa voce divina officia celebrare. Nulli ergo etc. Datum Laterani ∙vi∙ idus Januarii, pontificatus
nostri anno nono.
B1 (registration of A):
Honorij Papae 3:tij åth Prädijke Brödrerna gifne Indulgentz breef på dess
gudeligheetz idkesamma öfning.
English
translation:
Pope Honorius
III’s letter of indulgence given to the Friars Preachers on the practise of
their piety.
B2 (registration of
A):
Honorij Papae 3:tij confirmations och
stadfästelse breef gifwet Prädijke bröderne att ingen uthi desz gudelige- sampt
andächtigheet dhem må hindra som är intet ringa, intet bulra med dörarna etc.
English
translation:
Pope Honorius
III’s letter of confirmation and affirmation given to the Friars Preachers that
no one may prevent them from their piety and devotion, which is no ringing, no
rattling with the doors, etcetera.
B3 (registration of
A):
Honorij Papae 3:tij confirmations och stadfästelse
breef gifwet Prädijke bröderne att ingen uthi desz gudelige- sampt
andächtigheet dhem må hindra med ringande eller döra slambrande.
English
translation:
Pope Honorius
III’s letter of confirmation and affirmation given to the Friars Preachers that
no one may prevent them from their piety and devotion with ringing or slamming
doors.
Comments: The name of the master general is left blank, but at this time
the office was held by Jordan of Saxony (1221-1237). · The bull is obviously
directed to the Order of Preachers in general with no special reference to the
North, but the extant original copy of the letter has been kept at the priory
in Lund (DD 1 VI 35 note). · On the back of the
document is written fratri Rodulfo Daco, perhaps the initial
recipient of the bull. No other knowledge of a contemporary Fr. Rodulfus Dacus
is preserved.
Published: Diplomatarium Suecanum vol. I no. 230.
Convents
of Haderslev, Odense, Ribe, Vejle, Viborg, Visby and Århus (+
apocryphal convents of Flensburg, Husum and Tønder) |
Dominican
convents are established in Viborg, Århus, Vejle, Ribe, Tønder, Husum,
Flensburg, Haderslev, Odense and Visby.
Source: Pontoppidan’s Annales
ecclesiæ Danicæ.
Language: German.
In diesem Jahr und nächst folgenden Jahren
breiteten sich die Dominicaner-Mönche hie zu Lande weit aus und baueten zu
Wiborg, Aarhuus, Wedel, Ripen, Tondern, Husum, Flensburg, Hattersleben, Odense,
Wisbye und andertwerts ihre Klöster, versichrend, niemand könte ein seeliger
Werck thun, als wer ihnen in solcher Unternehmung hülfliche Hand reichte.
Comments: This eighteenth-century chronicle by Erich Pontoppidan has
often been quoted for claiming that the named convents were established in
1227, thus ignoring that he does in fact date them much more openly to “In this
year (i.e. 1227) and the following years”. If anything, the list shows that
Pontoppidan did not know the exact years of foundation for these convents in
contrast to various other Dominican foundations listed elsewhere in the
chronicle. The sequence of the named convents seems to be strictly geographical
(from northern to southern Jylland and then eastwards to Fyn and Gotland), and
thus not even indicating any chronological order. · From where Pontoppidan has
the year 1227 is unknown; no Dominican convent foundation in Dacia is known
from this year, with Ribe (1228) being the closest one.
His other datings of Dominican foundations do, however, also differ from
preserved medieval sources, e.g. Roskilde. · To our knowledge,
no Dominican convent has ever existed in Flensburg, Husum or Tønder, although
Pontoppidan’s reference to them has caused some historical confusion later on.
He is most likely to have mistaken them with Franciscan convents, perhaps from
misreading Cypræus (see 1235).
Published: Annales ecclesiæ Danicæ
vol. I, p. 642.
Paris |
Province of Dacia |
The
general chapter adds four new provinces to the eight provinces instituted by
St. Dominic: Polonia, Dacia, Grecia and Terra sancta.
Source: Acta capitulorum
generalium OP.
Language: Latin.
Anno Domini MCCXXVIII celebratum fuit a prefato
magistro Jordane, primum capitulum generalissimum Parisius. In quo capitulo,
·viii· prefatis provinciis per beatum Dominicum institutis, ·iiiior·
fuerunt superaddite scilicet Polonia, Dacia, Grecia, et Terra sancta. Et quedam alia que in constitutionibus
continentur, fuerunt ibi instituta et ordinata.
Dansk oversættelse:
I det Herrens år 1228 afholdtes det første generalkapitel under
førnævnte magister Jordan i Paris. I dette kapitel blev de otte førnævnte
provinser oprettet af den salige Dominik suppleret med fire, nemlig Polonia,
Dacia, Grecia og Det Hellige Land. (...)
Comments: See below.
Published: Monumenta Ordinis Fratrum
Praedicatorum Historica vol. III, p. 3.
At the
same general chapter, a new set of constitutions is passed, in which the
privileges of the four additional provinces (incl. Dacia) are established: The four
provinces are allowed to send representatives to the general chapters in the
same way as the eight old provinces. However, when a new master general is to
be elected, the eight old provinces can each send two electors, the four new
provinces only one.
Source: Transcript of the Constitutiones
OP, 1228. Archivum Generalis Ordinis Praedicatorum, Rome.
Language: Latin.
Iste sunt constutiones primae ordinis fratrum
praedicatorum, quae erant tempore magistri Jordani, beati Dominici immediate
successoris, ex quibus formavit et ordinavit constitutiones alias, quae nunc
habentur, frater Raymundus de Pennaforti, magister ordinis tertius.
Anno ab
incarnatione Domini MCCXXVIII convenerunt Parisius in domo sancti Jacobi
duedecim priores provinciales unacum Jordano, magistro ordinis nostri, singuli
cum duobus diffinitoribus, sibi a provincialibus capitulis deputatis (...).
II.5.2. Statuimus quod quatuor prouinciae,
scilicet Jerosolimitana, Graecia, Polonia, Dacia, habeant singulis annis
diffinitores in singulis capitulis generalibus.
II.5.3.Tertio autem anno priores provinciales
duodecim provinciarum generale capitulum celebrabunt (...).
II.7.1.
Isti autem duodecim diffinitores
duobus annis et duodecim priores provinciales tertio anno cum magistro ordinis
omnia diffinient et constituent et tractabunt (...).
II.9.2.
Mortuo autem magistro (...) priores dictarum provinciarum in omnibus (...)
plenariam ipsius obtineant potestatem (...).
II.10.1.
Praedicti ergo priores provinciales praedictarum provinciarum octo singuli cum
duobus fratribus, in capitulo provinciali electis, in quos ceteri ad electionem
magistri faciendam compromittant, et quatuor priores provinciales de
superadditis provinciis, scilicet Jerosolimitana, Graecia, Polonia, Dacia,
singuli cum singulis ad hoc idem electis ad capitulum veniant generale.
Dansk oversættelse:
År 1228 efter Herrens menneskevorden mødtes 12 provincialpriorer
i Paris i Sankt Jakobs hus med Jordan, vor ordensmagister, hver enkelt med to
tilsynsmænd, der var udpeget for dem af provinskapitlerne (...).
II.5.2. Vi bestemmer,
at fire provinser, nemlig Jerusalem, Grecia, Polonia og Dacia hvert år skal
have tilsynsmænd ved de enkelte generalkapitler.
II.5.3. Hvert tredje år
skal provincialpriorerne fra de 12 provinser holde generalkapitel (...).
II.7.1. Disse 12
tilsynsmænd skal to af årene og de 12 provincialpriorer det tredje år afgøre,
beslutte og forhandle om alt med ordensmagisteren (...).
II.9.2. Når magisteren
er død (...), skal priorerne fra de nævnte provinser i alle henseender (...)
have hans fulde magt (...).
II.10.1. De fornævnte
otte provincialpriorer fra de fornævnte otte provinser skal altså, hver enkelt
med to brødre, som er valgt på provinskapitlet, og som de øvrige udpeger til at
foretage valg af magister, og de fire provinspriorer fra de tilføjede
provinser, nemlig Jerusalem, Grecia, Polonia og Dacia, hver enkelt med en
enkelt, som er valgt til dette samme, komme til generalkapitel (for at vælge
ordensmagister).
Comments: The acts of the general chapter are not preserved until 1236.
A brief account of the previous chapters was added to the acts at a later stage
by Fr. Bernardus Guidonis. ● The constitutions of 1228 are preserved
through Codex Ruthenensis and Ms Rodez, transcripts from the fourteenth
century. ●
Pentecost in 1228 took place on 14 May. ●
According to R.-J. Loenertz, the constitutions seem to be the source for Fr.
Bernardus Guidonis: »Ce texte, qui est
indubitablement la source de Bernard Gui, a été négligé, et le résumé inexact
du compilateur des ‘Acta capitulorum’ a été cité et re-cité!« (Loenertz 1957, 33
note 41). ● The entry in the acts of the general chapter has
traditionally been interpreted as the initial establishing of four new
provinces, among them Dacia, but according to R.-J. Loenertz and Simon Tugwell,
this is a misunderstanding, originally made by Bernardus Guidonis, based on the
words of the constitutions. But according to the initial statement in the
constitutions, 12 priors provincial met in Paris for the general chapter in
1228, each with two delegates appointed by the provincial chapters, and if this
is to be taken literally, the four additional provinces to some extent must
already have existed by then. Seen in this light, the four additional provinces
were only granted extended privileges by the chapter of 1228 (Loenertz 1957,
32-33; Tugwell 2000, passim). This new interpretation is strongly supported by
the fact that a provincial chapter was held in Polonia in the autumn of 1227,
and according to a Polish chronicle, the first provincial, Fr. Gerardus, was
appointed at the general chapter in 1225 (Loenertz 1957, 33 and 37). In the
case of Dacia, the promotion may suggest that the province at this time had
become its second convent (i.e. Ribe 1228). It is, however,
disputed whether the initial numbering in the constitutions of the priors
provincial to 12 is original or a later addition (Wilms 1939, 44-45; Thomas
1965, 278-280). ● The eight primary provinces instituted in 1221 were:
Hispania, Provencia, Francia, Lombardia, Roma, Ungaria, Teutonia and Anglia. ●
The electoral difference between the old and the new provinces was abolished by
the chapters of 1239-41.
Published: Quellen
und Forschungen zur Geschichte des Dominikanerordens in Deutschland vol. XXXVIII, pp. 48 and 68-70; De oudste
constituties van de Dominicanen, pp. 309, 344 and 347; Diplomatarium
Danicum 1. ser. vol. VI no. 86.
Convents
of Lund and Ribe |
A
convent of Friars Preachers is founded in Ribe with friars from Lund.
Source: Annales Petri Olavi.
Language: Latin.
Et missus est conuentus fratrum predicatorum de domo Lundensi ad domum
Ripensem scilicet anno Domini 1228.
Dansk oversættelse:
Og et konvent af prædikebrødre fra huset i Lund sendtes til
huset i Ribe, nemlig i det Herrens år 1228.
Comments: The explicit mentioning that the friars of the new convent all
came from Lund is quite unusual and suggests that this was indeed only the
second Dominican convent founded in the province of Dacia; in fact, this second
convent may have promoted the enlarged provincial rights of Dacia at the general chapter of that same year.
Published: Scriptores Rerum Danicarum vol. I,
p. 183; Annales
Danici, p. 206.
Anagni |
Convent
of Visby(?), Provinces of Polonia and Teutonia |
Pope
Gregory IX urges all Christian people of the church provinces of Magdeburg and
Bremen, as well as in Poland, Pomerania, Moravia, Suravia, Holstein and
Gotland, to support a crusade undertaken by Duke Konrad
of Masovia and the Teutonic Order, who has been called in by the duke, against
the pagan Prussians, who are ignorant to the name of Christ and attack
Christians living among them. Those who join the crusade, to be led by the
Teutonic Order, are granted a full remission of their sins for one year’s
service or if they die during the campaign.
Source: Transcript in
Regesta Vaticana (Epistolae Gregorii PP. IX, anno IV, ep. 61, fol. 30). Vatican
Archives, Rome.
Language: Latin.
Gregorius episcopus
servus servorum Dei. Universis Christi fidelibus per Magdeburgensem et
Bremensen provincias, Poloniam, Pomeraniam, Moraviam, Suraviam, Holisantiam et
Gothlandiam constitutis, salutem etcetera. Cum misericors et miserator dominus
Dei filius Ihesus Christus, cuius miserationes super omnia opera sunt ipsius,
attenderet hominem iuste dampnatum, iustitita exigente vindictam, et suggerente
misericordia pietatem, de inextimabili habundantia caritatis pro ipso tradidit
semetipsum, et crucis sustinendo tormentum redemit preciosi sanguinis sui
pretio, quem creavit, sciensque ipsum pronum nimium ad peccandum, ne
irrecuperabiliter, quem ad imaginem et sui similitudinem condidit, perderetur,
si unde resurgeret non haberet, diversa constituit remedia, quibus posset
veniam promereri. Nos ergo, qui licet immeriti vices eius in terris
gerimus, affectantes super omnia desiderabilia comodum animarum inducimus, et
ut fortius accendantur ad ipsa, suffragium impertimur. Ex litteris sane dilecti
filii nobilis viri … ducis Mazovie intelleximus, quod pagani Pruteni nomen
Christi, quem ignorant, ad cuius cognitionem venire non volunt, exterminare
tanquam prophanum de suis finibus per exterminium christianorum ibidem
existentium intendentes, ipsos vehementer impugnant, destruentes terras eorum,
qui resistere pre paucitate non possunt, et personas etiam miserabiliter
trucidantes; et licet idem dux ordinem fratrum hospitalis sancte Marie
Theutonicorum in terram suam ad christianorum auxilium introduxerit, et cum ipsius
ordinis fratribus ibi existentibus Deus misericorditer operetur, conterendo per
eos mirabiliter sui nominis inimicos, quia tamen ad tam arduum negotium
sufficere per se nequeunt, et egent fidelium subsidiis adiuvari: Universitatem
vestram monemus et hortamur, et per omnipotentem Deum obsecramus, in
remissionem vobis peccaminum iniungentes, quatinus ad nimiam caritatem, qua
Christus nos dilexit et diligit, respectum habentes, ei ei retribuentes aliquid
pro omnibus, que retribuit ipse vobis, in quos tamquam viros christianos et
catholicos cadere obpropria exprobrantium sibi debent, potenter et viriliter
accingamini, tamquam zelum Dei habentes, ad vindicandam iniuriam sui nominis,
et ad liberandum proximos de manibus paganorum, profecturi et acturi secundum
fratrum consilia predictorum, ita quod et vobis premium debeatur eternum, et
infideles non possint, quod impune Christi nomen impugnaverint, gloriari. Cum
autem multa necessitas exigat, ut illuc fidelium subsidium transmittatur,
quatinus libentius securi de retributione procedant: Nos de omnipotentis Dei
misericordia et beatorum Petri et Pauli apostolorum eius auctoritate confisi,
omnibus, qui laborem istum in propriis personis subierint et expensis, et eis,
qui non in expensis propriis illuc accesserint, ibidem per unius anni spatium
servituri, seu illis, qui ad subventionem fidelium de propriis facultatibus
ministrabunt, iuxta quantitatem subsidii et devotionis affectum peccatorum
suorum veniam indulgemus, ita quod illi, qui in penitentia vera ibi decesserint,
sicut transeuntes in Terre sancte subsidium plenam remissionem peccaminium
consequantur. Datum Anagnie Idibus septembris, pontificatus nostri
anno quarto.
Comments: Both in this and all later versions of the bull, a spot is
left open for the name of the duke, who was Konrad (Conrado) of Masovia (1194-1247). In the mid-1220s, he had asked the
Teutonic Order to help him with a crusade against the pagan Prussians, who
allegedly had started to respond violently to the until then rather peaceful
Christianisation process of the region under the leadership of the Cistercian
Bishop Christian of Prussia (1212-1245). It was, however, not until the late
summer of 1230 that Pope Gregory IX felt that his issues with Emperor Friedrich
II were settled enough for him to allow the Teutonic Order to engage in the
Baltic cause. This was done in a bull of 12 September 1230 (PrUB vol. I no.
80), to be followed by a series of additional bulls providing all the needed
support and privileges for the campaign. ● Suravia (AE and UDO has Suraniam) probably refers to a district
around Meissen and Lusitania (Lausitz) inhabited by the Slavic Sorbs. ●That
Gotland was included as the only part of Scandinavia for this campaign is of
little surprise. Whereas the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden (to which Gotland
nominally belonged) by this time were busy occupied with their own papally
approved crusades against the pagans of Estonia and Finland respectively, the
island of Gotland had for long constituted a centre for German trade and military
engagements in the entire south- and east-Baltic region; thus, the city of
Visby could justly be expected to produce both military and financial support
for a Teutonic crusade.
Published: Annales Ecclesiastici
vol. XIII no. 23 (pp. 372-373), in extracts; Monumenta Historica Poloniae
vol. I no. 41 (full version); Urkundenbuch des Deutschen Ordens
vol. II no. 39, missing introduction.
Literature: Jakobsen 2014.
Pope Gregory IX
enjoins the Friars Preachers, present in the abovementioned provinces and
districts, to preach the Cross in favour of the crusade, as this has been
humbly requested by the Teutonic Order.
Sources: A. Transcript in
Regesta Vaticana (Epistolae Gregorii PP. IX, anno IV, ep. 62, fol. 30). Vatican
Archives, Rome. B. Transcript (Ex Archivo Ordinis Libra
A, fol. 305). General Archives of the Order of Preachers, Rome.
Language: Latin.
A:
Gregorius episcopus etcetera.
Dilectis filiis ministris et fratribus ordinis predicatorum per predictas
provincias constitutis, salutem etcetera.
Cum
misericors et miserator dominus etcetera ut supra usque consequantur.
Quare
nos ad instantiam predictorum fratrum humiliter supplicantium, ut vobis super
hoc predicationis officium iniungere dignaremur, discretionem vestram monemus
et obsecramus in Domino, in remissionem vobis peccatorum iniungentes, quatinus
assumpto predicationis officio, propter Deum ad id fideles predictos monitis et
exhortationibus secundum datam a Deo vobis prudentiam diligenter et solicite
inducatis. Datum ut supra.
B:
Gregorius episcopus,
servus servorum Dei, dilectis filiis fratribus ordinis predicatorum, salutem et
apostolicam benedictionem.
Cum misericors et miserator dominus Dei filius Iesus Christus,
cuius miserationes super omnia opera sunt ipsius, attendens hominem juste
dampnatum, justitia exigente vindictam et sugiente misericordie pietatem, de
inestimabili abundantia caritatis pro ipso tradidit semetipsum et Crucis
sustinendo tormentum redemit pretiosi sanguinis sui pretio, quem creavit,
sciensque ipsum pronum nimium ad peccandum, ne irreparabiliter, quem ad
imaginem et sui similitudinem condidit, perderet, si jam unde resurgeret, non
haberet, diversa constituit remedia, quibus posset veniam promereri. Nos ergo,
qui licet immeriti vices eius in terris gerimus, affectantes supra omnia
desiderabilia commodum animarum, libenter fideles populos ad caritatis opera,
que idem Dei unigenitus voluit causam esse salutis, inducimus et, ut fortius
accendantur ad ipsa suffragium impertimur. Ex literis sane dilecti filii,
nobilis viri ducis Mazouie intelleximus, quod pagani Prutheni nomen Christi,
quem ignorant, ad cuius cognitionem venire non volunt, exterminare tanquam
profanum de suis finibus per exterminium christianorum ibidem existentium
intendentes, ipsos vehementer impugnant, destruentes terras eorum, qui
resistere pre paucitate non possunt, et personas etiam miserabiliter
trucidantes; et licet idem dux ordinem fratrum hospitalis sancte Marie
Teutonicorum in terram suam ad christianorum auxilium introduxerit et cum
ipsius ordinis fratribus ibi existentibus Dominus misericorditer operetur,
conterendo per eos mirabiliter sui nominis inimicos, quia tamen ad tam arduum
negotium sufficere pro se nequeunt et egent fidelium subsidiis adiuvari,
universitatem vestram monemus et hortamur, et per omnipotentem Deum obsecramus,
in remissionem vobis peccanium injungentes, quatenus ad nimiam caritatem, qua
Christus vos dilexit et diligit, respectum habentes et ei retribuentes aliquid
pro omnibus, que retribuit ipse vobis, in quos tanquam viros christianos et
catholicos cadere opprobria exprobrantium sibi debent, potenter et viriliter
accingamini tanquam zelum Dei habentes ad vindicandam injuriam sui nominis, et
ad liberandum proximos de manibus paganorum, profecturi et acturi secundum
fratrum consilia predictorum, ita quod et vobis premium debeatur eternum, et
infideles non possint, quod impune Christi nomen impugnaverint, gloriari. Cum autem multa necessitas exigat, ut illuc fidelium subsidium
transmittatur, et dignum sit, ut in tanto negotio laborantes debita pro labore
stipendia consequantur.
Quare ad instantiam predictorum
fratrum humiliter supplicantium, ut vobis super hoc predicationis officium
injungere dignaremur, discretionem vestram monemus et obsecramus in Domino, in
remissionem vobis peccaminum injungentes, quatenus assumpto predicationis
officio propter Deum ad id fideles predictos monitis et exhortationibus vestris
secundum datam a Deo vobis prudentiam diligenter et sollicite inducatis. Datum
Anagnie Idibus septembris pontificatus nostri anno quarto.
Comments: The precise address of the bull remains unclear. The Friars
Preachers ‘present in the abovementioned provinces’ of A clearly refers to the
bull above aimed at all Christians, but leaves it uncertain if it only means
the here stated church provinces (Magdeburg and Bremen) or also the
subsequently listed districts (of which only Suravia and Holstein were included
in the provinces). Whereas a transcript of 1230 17/3 (below) explicitly
addresses friars in all the listed districts, B has no geographical limitation
at all and sees the bull as addressed to the entire Order. ● Also A’s
address to ‘ministris et fratribus
ordinis predicatorum’ is peculiar, as ‘ministers’ was an unknown rank in
the Order of Preachers – which is probably why it has been omitted by the
Dominican scribe in B. ● This is the first papal commission for the Friars
Preachers in general to preach in favour of crusades. The stated request for it
from the Teutonic Order must refer to Grandmaster Hermann von Salza
(1210-1239), who may have been suggested or urged to do so by Legate William of
Modena. ● Friars Preachers of the provinces of Teutonia, Polonia and
Dacia subsequently received a number of papal enjoinments to preach the Cross
on behalf of the Teutonic Order against Prussians and Livonians in 1231
18/7, 1232 23/1, 1232 3/2, 1232 5/2,
1233 6/10, 1236 22/2, 1236 23/2, 1243 23/9, 1243
7/10, 1252 13/1, 1253 23/8, 1256 11/3, 1257 27/6,
1257
7/8, and 1257 11/8. Until 1260, the Order was
alone in handling the task, while joint commissions with other clergy were
issued in 1260 20/2, 1260 13/6, 1260 9/9, 1261 4/2,
1261 23/12, 1262 24/4, 1262 11/8, 1262 31/10, 1262
12/12, 1263 23/5, 1263 23/6, 1265 17/4,
1265 2/6, and 1265 4/6. After that, the Friars Preachers of
Northern Europe were no longer commissioned to preach the Baltic crusade, a
task henceforth left for the Teutonic Order’s own clergy. In stead, Dominican
friars of the northern provinces were enjoined to preach the Cross for the Holy
Land from August 1265.
Published: A. Monumenta Historica Poloniae
vol. I no. 42. B. Bullarium Ordinis
Praedicatorum vol. I no. 40.
Literature: Jakobsen 2014.
The
exhortation above is repeated, this time explicitly for the Friars Preachers
present in the church provinces of Magdeburg and Bremen, and in Poland,
Pomerania, Moravia, Suravia, Holstein and Gotland.
Source: Original document
(damaged) and transcript of 1506 (GStA PK, Historisches Staatsarhiv Königsberg,
Pergamenturkunden, Schiebl. 2, nos. 15 and 16). Geheimes Staatsarchiv
Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin.
Language: Latin.
Gregorius episcopus servus servorum Dei. Dilectis filiis ministris et
fratribus ordinis predicatorum per Magdeburgensem et Bremensem provincias,
Poloniam, Pomeraniam, Moraviam, Surabiam, Holsatium et Gotlandium constitutis,
salutem et apostolicam benedictionem.
Cum misericors et miserator
dominus Dei filius Ihesus Christus, cuius miserationes super omnia opera sunt
ipsius, attenderet hominem iuste dampnatum, iustitia exigente vindictam et
suggerente misericordia pietatem, de inextimabili habundantia caritatis pro
ipso tradidit semetipsum et crucis sustinendo tormentum redemit preciosi
sanguinis sui pretio, quem creavit, sciensque ipsum pronum nimium ad peccandum,
ne irrecuperabiliter, quem ad imaginem et sui similitudinem condidit,
perderetur, si, unde resurgeret, non haberet, diversa constituit remedia,
quibus posset veniam promereri. Nos ergo, qui licet
immeriti vices eius in terris gerimus, affectantes supra omnia desiderabilia
commodum animarum, libenter fideles populos ad caritatis opera, que idem Dei
unigenitus voluit causam esse salutis, inducimus et, ut fortius accendantur ad
ipsa, suffragium impertimur. Ex litteris sane dilecti filii, nobilis viri ...
ducis Mazovie intelleximus, [quod] pagani Pruteni nomen Christi, quem ignorant,
ad cuius cognitionem venire non volunt, exterminare tamquam profanum de suis
finibus per exterminium [christianorum ibidem] existentium intendentes, ipsos
vehementer impugnant, destruentes terras eorum, qui resistere pre paucitate non
possunt, et personas etiam miserabiliter trucidantes; et licet idem dux ordinem
fratrum hospitalis sancte Marie Teutonicorum in terram suam ad christianorum
auxilium introduxerit et cum ipsius ordinis fratribus ibi existentibus Deus
misericorditer operetur, conterendo per eos mirabiliter sui nominis inimicos,
quia tamen ad tam arduum negotium sufficere per se nequeunt et egent fidelium
subsidiis adiuvari: Universos Christi fideles per Magdeburgensem et Bremensem
provincias, Poloniam, Pomeraniam, Moraviam, Surabiam, Holsatiam et Gotlandiam
constitutos per litteras nostras monemus et hortamur, et per omnipotentem Deum
obsecramus, in remissionem eis peccaminum injungentes, ut ad nimiam caritatem,
qua Christus eos dilexit et diligit, respectum habentes et ei retribuentes pro
omnibus aliquid, que tribuit ipse eis, in quos tamquam viros christianos et
catholicos cadere obprobria exprobantium sibi debent, potenter et viriliter
accin[gantur, tamquam habentes] zelum Dei, ad vindicandam injuriam sui nominis
et ad liberandum proximos de manibus paganorum profecturi, et acturi secundum
fratrum consilia predictorum, ita quod eis pre[mium debeatur eternum] et
infideles non possint, quod impune Christi nomen impugnaverint, gloriari. Cum
autem multa necessitas exigat, ut illuc fidelium subsidium transmitt[atur et]
[dignum sit, ut in] tanto negotio laborantes debita pro labore stipendia
consequantur, quatinus libentius securi de retributione procedant: Nos de
omnipotentis Dei misericordia et beati Petri et Pauli apostolorum eius
auctoritate confisi, omnibus, qui laborem istum in propriis personis subierint
et expensis, et eis, qui non expensis propriis illuc accesserint, ibidem per
unius anni spatium servituri, seu illis, qui ad subventionem fidelium de
propriis facultatibus ministrabunt, juxta quantitatem subsidii et devotionis
affectum peccatorum suorum veniam indulgemus, ita quod illi, qui in penitentia
vera ibi decesserint, sicut transeuntes in Terre sancte subsidium, plenam
remissionem peccaminum consequantur.
Quare nos ad instantiam predictorum fratrum humiliter
supplicantium, ut vobis super hoc predicationis officium injungere dignaremur,
discretionem vestram monemus et obsecramus in Domino, in remissionem vobis
peccaminum injungentes, quatinus assumpto predicationis officio propter Deum,
ad id fideles predictos monitis et exhortationibus vestris secundum datam a Deo
vobis prudentiam diligenter et sollicite inducatis. Datum Anagnie ∙xv∙ kalendas octobris pontificatus nostri
anno quarto.
Comments:
Words in brackets are missing in CDPr due to holes in the original, but has
been inserted in CPoD and PrUB from the 1230 13/9-version (AE) and the
1506-transcript. ● Although almost identical to the bulls of 1230 13/9
above, this original, which has been kept at the archives of Teutonic Order,
clearly states to be written four days latter. Neither the Vatican nor the
Dominican archive registers know any bulls from this date. ● Besides its
date, the bull differs from the above-listed versions by having spelled out the
geographical areas of the addressed Friars Preachers, apparently by a simple
projection of the church provinces and districts listed in the initial bull for
all Christian people to be preached to. ● This has led scholarship to see
the bull as evidence for the existence of a Dominican convent in Visby on Gotland
in 1230 (Gallén 1946, 47-49; Blomkvist 2011, 8), a view recently opposed by
others (Maier 1994, 49; Jakobsen 2011, 18-19; Jakobsen 2014); for a discussion
of the meaning of per…constitutis,
see Jakobsen 2014, 11. The first explicit reference to a Dominican convent in
Visby is from 1243 23/9. ● The first bull to
explicitly engage Friars Preachers from the province of Dacia with the Baltic
crusade is from 1232 5/2.
Published: Codex
diplomaticus Prussicus vol. I no. 24; Codex Pomeraniae diplomaticus vol.
I no. 182; Preussisches
Urkundenbuch vol. I:1 no. 81.
Literature:
Jakobsen 2014.
Convent
of Lund (prov. Dacia) or Lübeck (prov. Teutonia) |
King
Valdemar II of Denmark complies with a request raised by the Friars Preachers
that a lighthouse is constructed at Falsterbo to protect the seafarers from
danger. He thanks all those who will support the construction and maintenance
of such a work and firmly forbids anyone to destroy it in any way.
Additionally, the king gives his permission for the necessary firewood to be
collected in his kingdom.
Source: Original document. Archiv der Hansestadt
Lübeck.
Language: Latin.
Waldemarus Dei gratia Danorum Slavomrumque rex, omnibus
presentes litteras inspecturis salutem et gratiam. Cum id, quod
rationabile est, petitur conveniens est ut pia exauditio subsequatur. Hinc
universitati vestre notum facimus quod nos ad rogatum fratrum ordinis
predicatorum et ob dilectionem omnium mercatorum indulgemus in Falsterbothe
fieri signum aliquod discretivum pro vitando periculo navigantium, quin immo
grates referimus omnibus tam pio operi operam exhibentibus efficacem. Ut autem
opus huiuscemodi, postquam multis expensis et laboribus fuerit consumatum,
inviolabile perseveret, inhibemus districte omnibus in nostro dominio
constitutis sub obtentu gratie nostre, ne quis illud ausu temerario palam vel
occulte infringere audeat vel vastare, et super hiis presentem paginam
conscripsimus, sigilli nostri munimine roboratam. Ceterum prefatum opus favore
debito prosequi cupientes, ligna ad hoc necessaria in regno nostro secandi
liberam concedimus facultatem.
Dansk oversættelse:
Valdemar, af de Guds nåde de danskes og venders konge, til alle, der får dette brev at se, hilsen i nåde. Når det, der bedes om, er fornuftigt, er det passende, at det følges af en bønhørelse i fromhed. Derfor gør vi vitterligt for jer alle, at vi efter anmodning fra brødrene af Prædikantordenen og af hengivenhed for alle købmænd bevilger, at der gøres skelneligt mærke i Falsterbo, for at de søfarende kan undgå fare, idet vi også takker alle, der virksomt yder bistand til så fromt et værk. Men for at et værk af denne art efter at være fuldført med stor bekostning og anstrengelse kan forblive ukrænkeligt, forbyder vi i strenghed alle under vort herredømme under vor nådes fortabelse, at nogen i dumdristig forvovenhed, åbenlyst eller skjult, vover at antaste eller ødelægge det, og vi har affattet dette brev herom, til stadfæstelse bestyrket med vort segl. Men da vi ønsker at omfatte fornævnte værk med tilbørlig gunst, tilstår vi fri adgang til at hugge det dertil nødvendige ved i vort rige.
Comments: The last sentence (Ceterum... ..facultatem) is a later addition by the same hand. ● The
letter is undated. DS just dated it to the reign of the issuer, King Valdemar
II, i.e. 1202–1241. LUB narrowed it down to “after 1221”, which implicitly referred to the first
recorded occurence of Friars Preachers in the region, with the arrival of Fr.
Salomon to Denmark in 1221. The editor of DD, Niels
Skyum-Nielsen, gave the issue more thought. He argued that the lighthouse would
mainly have benefitted maritime merchants from Germany, and for this reason
suggested that the friars most likely were affiliated to the first Dominican
convent on the north coast of Germany, i.e. the one in Lübeck, founded in 1229.
An additional argument for a Lübeck provenance is that the handwriting is
identical to one found in a charter issued by the Bishop of Lübeck in 1225;
based on this, DD dated the letter to 1229–1241, subsequently also followed by
SDHK. Gallén agreed with the thesis that it had been promoted by the convent in
Lübeck (Gallen 1998, 144). However, one may argue that Danish Friars Preachers
based in Lund could just as well have raised the request before the Danish king
on behalf of the Lübeck merchants visiting Falsterbo, Skanør and Malmö.
Considering the dating of the Lübeck scribe hand to 1225 and the fact that King
Valdemar II was imprisoned in Germany until 1225 and entered a truth with
Bremen and Holstein in 1228-29 (which lasted to 1233), the period 1225–1230 is
here suggested as the most likely period for the letter’s issue, with the
entire period of 1222 (when a convent was founded in Lund) to 1241 (the death
of King Valdemar II) as a the widest formal possibility. ● This is the
oldest extant reference to the construction of a lighthouse in Scandinavia.
Although it is not explicitly stated that the beacon should include a fire,
this is implicitly shown by the added mentioning of a subsequent and continuous
need for wood.
Published:
Diplomatarium Suecanum vol. I
no. 828; Lübeckisches Urkundenbuch 1. ser. vol. I no. 23; Diplomatarium Danicum 1. ser. vol. VI no. 102.
Rieta |
Gotland
(prov. Dacia?) and Pomerania (prov. Polonia) |
Pope
Gregory IX renews his exhortation for the Friars Preachers ‘present in
Pomerania and Gotland’ to preach the Cross on behalf of the Teutonic Order
against the pagan Prussians; this happens on request from Bishop Christian of
Prussia. The friars are allowed to commute crusading vows aimed for the Holy Land to the Prussian cause, just as they can
redeem vows of weak and poor crusaders.
Source: Original document
(GStA PK, Historisches Staatsarhiv Königsberg, Pergamenturkunden, Schiebl. 2,
no. 19). Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin.
Language: Latin.
Gregorius
episcopus servus servorum Dei. Dilectis filiis … ministris et fratribus ordinis
predicatorum per Pomeraniam et Gotlandiam constitutis, salutem et apostolicam
benedictionem. Cum lux illa, que illuminat omnem hominem venientem in hunc
mundum, eos vocat de tenebris ad ammirabile lumen suum, qui relicto
gentilitatis errore, quo fuerant obvoluti, fidem Christo recipiunt per
baptismum, eis cibo spirituali prodesse ac materiali adesse substancia tanto
cura diligentiori debemus, quanto ventus turbinis, egestatis amminiculis
concitatus, plantas novas, que nondum potuerunt in fide firmiter radicari,
facilius pertubare valeret, si utrumque vel alterum eisdem deficeret
nutrimentum. Cum igitur venerabilis frater noster … episcopus
Pruscie ac alii, qui per Dei gratiam ad fidem christiani nominis sunt conversi,
a barbaris circumstantibus multipliciter molestentur, illorum presertim
implorant auxilium ad resistendum barbare nationi, qui nondum crucis signaculum
receperunt in Terre sancte subsidium profecturi, et qui, signo crucis accepto,
viribus et facultatibus eisdem non suppetentibus, nequeunt exequi vota sua,
nobis humiliter supplicantes, quatinus, ut religio noviter propagata celestis
irrigui foveatur humore, vobis, qui sicut accepimus, potentes estis in opere ac
sermone, quod ad subveniendum eis fideles per Pomeraniam et Gotlandiam
constitutos diligentius animetis, onus predicationis iniungere dignaremur.
Quocirca discretionem vestram monemus et obsecramus in domino, in remissionem
vobis peccaminum iniungentes, quatinus, assumpto sancte predicationis officio
propter Deum, in predictis Pomerania et Gotlandia pauperum et debilium
crucesignatorum, cum quibus duximus dispensandum, vota peregrinationis in
succursum fidelium de Pruscia commutetis, necnon predictos moneatis diligenter
et efficaciter inducatis, ut saltem accepto calice salutari retribuant aliquid
illi, qui pro eis tradidit semetipsum, accedentes ad Pruscie partes iuxta
consilium memorati episcopi et dilectorum filiorum … preceptoris et fratrum
hospitalis sancte Marie Theutonicorum, qui cum ipso assumpserunt in partibus
Pruscie negotium fidei ex animo prosequendum, plantationem novellam fidei
christiane tam spiritualibus armis quam materialibus defensuri, tam eis quam
illis, qui aliquos illuc in suis mittent expensis vel ad eorum subventionem de
suis facultatibus ministrabunt, concessa per nos iuxta quantitatem subsidii et
devotionis affectum venia peccatorum, secundum quod transituris Ierosolimam
indulgetur. Omnes etiam exhortemini diligenter, ut elemosinam amplexantes, qua
data secundum prophetam sunt omnia nobis munda, de facultatibus sibi datis a
domino subvencionis manus eis tam pie porrigant, quam libenter, ita quod, cum
nove regenerationis infantiam beneficiis suis in fidem Ihesu Christi curaverint
solidare, retributionis eorum efficiantur, qui eam in Christo parturierunt,
participes et se religiosos probent eiusdem fidei zelatores. Datum Reate ∙xv∙ kalendas augusti pontificatus nostri anno
quinto.
Comments: In PrUB, the pontifical year is erroneously given as quarto. ● On Dominican involvement
in promoting the Baltic crusade, see 1230 13/9. ●
On the existence of a Dominican convent in Visby by 1230-31, see 1230
17/9.
Published: Codex
diplomaticus Prussicus vol. I no. 26; Codex Pomeraniae diplomaticus vol.
I no. 186; Preussisches
Urkundenbuch vol. I:1 no. 85.
Literature:
Jakobsen 2014.
Rieti |
Convent
of Bremen (prov. Teutonia) |
Pope Gregory IX commissions the Bishop of
Lübeck, the prior of the Friars Preachers in Bremen and the papal penitentiary,
Fr. Johannes OP, to investigate reports received by the Curia from the clergy
and nobility in both the city and archdiocese of Bremen, according to whom the
Stedinger peasants practise several inappropriate beliefs and rituals.
Source: Original document. Niedersächsisches
Landesarchiv, Stade.
Language: Latin.
Gregorius episcopus servus
servorum Dei, venerabili fratri ... episcopo Lubicensi et dilectis filiis ...
priori sancte Catarine Bremensis et fratri Johanni penitentiario nostro de
ordine predicatorum, salutem et apostolicam benedictionem. Si ea, que de hominibus,
qui Stedigni dicuntur, nobis relata sunt, continent veritatem, plane posuerunt
Deum sibi contrarium et se Deo, in illorum numero computandi, qui, prout Ysaias
propheta commemorat, ipsi Deo dixerunt “Recede a nobis, quia nolumus vias
tuas”. Ex parte siquidem venerabilis fratris nostri ... archiepiscopi et
dilectorum filiorum capituli et totius cleri ac nobilium civitatis et provincie
Bremensis nuper relatum est nobis et non absque stupore mentis audivimus et
horrore, quod homines ipsi ecclesias spoliis et incendiis ausu sacrilego
devastantes, preter id quod nulli parcunt etati vel sexui, sacerdotes et
clericos captivare presumunt, et quod deterius est, passim vulnerant et
occidunt, non timentes, cum depredantur ecclesias, corpus dominicum de vasis excutere
et suis predibus conculare et, abjecto a se penitus timore divino, se ad
culturam demonum convertentes. Licet propter hec at alia multa enormia, que
committunt, fuerint per eundem archiepiscopum sententia excommunicationis
abstricti, et prepositus Monasteriensis eiusque college auctoritate apostolica
sententiam ipsam usque ad satisfactionem condignam mandaverint observari, non
solum tamen redire contempnunt ad ecclesiasticam unitatem, verum etiam adversus
Bremensem ecclesiam, cui jugo servitutis tenentur obnoxii, committere pejora
prioribus non verentur. Cum igitur tantum Dei contemptum nos non deceat
equanimiter tolerare, de discretione vestra plenam in domino fiduciam
obtinentes, discretioni vestre per apostolica scripta mandamus, quatinus ad
revocandos illos ab huiusmodi perversitatibus vice nostra intendere procuretis,
quibus modis videritis expedire, nobiles et potentes vicinos ad edomandam
illorum perfidiam invocando, ita quod per sollicitudinem vestram illi ab errore
vie sue ad dominum convertantur, et nos preter retributionem divinam possimus
prudentiam vestram dignis in domino laudibus commendare. Quod si non omnes hiis
exequendis potueritis interesse, tu, frater episcope, cum eorum altero ea
nichilominus exequaris. Datum Reate ∙vii∙ kalendas augusti,
pontificatus nostri anno quinto.
Comments: The prior of the
Friars Preachers in Bremen at this time was Fr. Burchardus, who earlier the same year had been appointed papal
visitator to the nunnery of Bassum (ExDOP 1231 11/3). These are the first two
contemporary references to a Dominican convent in Bremen, which according to a
later source was founded in 1225. It is noteworthy that Fr. Burchardus already
in 1231 is referred to as ‘prior of St. Catherine in Bremen’, even if it is
traditionally thought that the friars were not given this church until 1233. ● The Dominican penitentiary Fr. Johannes is
probably to be identified with Fr.
Johannes de Wildeshausen (or Johannes
Teutonicus), who had been apointed Apostolic Penitentiary by Honorius III
in 1224. In 1230-31, he assisted Cardinal Otto on his legation to northern
Germany and Denmark (e.g. ExDOP 1230 14/11), which among other issues was
concerned with the Stedinger conflict (see below). Fr. Johannes later became
the third master general of the Order (1241-1252). ● The bishop of Lübeck
at this time was Johan I (1230/31-1247). ● It is noteworthy that the
commission was appointed in 1231, the very same year that Pope Gregory IX
launched the papal inquisition. Although not carrying the official title of an
inquisition, the commission’s task was indeed to try the accusations of heresy
that had been raised against the Stedingers, not least at an archdiocesan synod
in 1231 21/3. The prelude to the conflict had been that the marshland peasants
in Stedingen at the Lower Weser for years had rejected any claims of authority
from both the archbishop and his brother, Count Herman II of Lippe, culminating
in the slaying of the count in a battle in 1229. The infuriated archbishop then
excommunicated the Stedinger peasants, and it was their lack of respect for
this excommunication that let to the accusations of heresy. When Archbishop
Gerhard II of Bremen then supplicated the Curia for a formal crusade against
the Stedingers, Pope Gregory had his doubts about the legitimacy of the claims,
which he therefore wanted to try by a qualified commission. When the commission
apparently came to a conclusion that supported the archbishop, Gregory could
officially declare the Stedingers as heretics in 1232 29/10, when an
actual crusade was launched with significant Dominican involvement in terms of
its promotion to the entire region – probably also way into Schleswig, and
thereby Denmark and the province of Dacia.
Published:
Bremisches Urkundenbuch vol. I no.
166; Oldenburgisches Urkundenbuch
vol. II no. 62.
Literature:
Freed 1977, pp. 146-147; Maier 1994, pp. 52-53; Jakobsen 2021:a, p. 100.
Convent of Roskilde |
Friars
Preachers arrive in Roskilde.
Sources: A. Annales Visbyenses, B. Annales Petri Olavi.
Language: Latin.
A
and B:
1231. Predicatores venerunt Roskildis.
Dansk oversættelse:
1231. Prædikanterne ankom til Roskilde.
Comments: The Annales Petri Olavi
also states that “a convent was sent to Roskilde” in 1234, which may be a
rare Scandinavian evidence for a pioneer group of friars being send out to
prepare the foundation of an actual convent established three years later.
Published: A. Scriptores Rerum Danicarum vol. I,
p. 254; Annales
Danici, p. 137; Danmarks
middelalderlige annaler, p. 148. B. Scriptores Rerum Danicarum
vol. I, p. 183; Annales Danici, p. 206.
Rieto |
Province of Dacia
(Denmark) |
Pope
Gregory IX authorizes those Friars Preachers in Dacia or Denmark, who preaches the
Cross against the infidel Prussians, to grant their audience 20 days of
indulgence, and to remove the ban of certain criminals, if they join the
crusade. Furthermore, the friars are authorized to stop false preachers of the
Cross, who redeem crusade vows for money.
Source: Original document. The Swedish
National Archives, Stockholm.
Language: Latin.
Gregorius episcopus seruus seruorum dei. Dilectis filiis prioribus et fratribus ordinis predicatorum in regno Dacie constitutis, predicantibus contra perfidiam Prutenorum, salutem et apostolicam benedictionem. Cum animarum lucrum quo nullum deo sacrificium est acceptius indefessa sollicitudine perquirentes uestrum ministerium honoretis et nostrum desiderium impleatis, ut eo uestris monitis obsecundent libentius auditores, quo potiorem gratiam consequentur; omnibus qui ad sollempnem predicationem uestram accesserint, de omnipotentis dei misericordia et beatorum Petri et Pauli apostolorum eius auctoritate confisi uiginti dies de injuncta sibi penitentia relaxamus, auctoritate uobis presentium concedentes, ut illis qui pro incendiis et injectione manuum uiolenta in clericos uel alias religiosas personas excommunicationis laqueum incurrerunt contra Prutenos pro defensione fidei accedentibus et ad tempus congruum in tam felici opere moraturis absolutionis beneficium impendatis, prouiso ut passis dampna et injurias satisfaciant competenter, illis dumtaxat exceptis quorum excessus adeo sunt difficiles et enormes, quod merito sint ad sedem apostolicam destinandi. Ceterum quia quidam pseudopredicatores que sua sunt non que Jhesu Christi querentes et intendentes potius uoluptatibus corporum quam profectibus animarum pro redemptione uotorum pecuniam uel questum a crucesignatis accipiunt, uolumus ut eos tamquam fraudulentes nuntios uerbi dei et fidelium deceptores ab huiusmodi errore desistere per censuram ecclesiasticam appellatione postposita compellatis. Datum Reate nonis februarii pontificatus nostri anno quinto.
Dansk oversættelse:
Gregor, biskop, Guds tjeneres tjener, til sine elskede sønner
priorer og brødre af Prædikantordenen i Danmarks rige, der prædiker imod de
vantro prøjsere, hilsen og apostolisk velsignelse. Da I med utrættelig omsorg
higer efter at vinde sjæle - intet offer er mere velbehageligt for Gud end dette
- og derved hædrer jeres gerning og opfylder vort ønske, eftergiver vi, for at
tilhørerne desto villigere skal rette sig efter jeres påmindelser, jo større en
nåde de opnår af den almægtige Guds miskundhed og i tillid til hans apostle
Sankt Peders og Sankt Paulus’ myndighed alle, som kommer til jeres højtidelige
prædiken, 20 dage af den dem pålagte kirkebod og tilstår jer ved dette brevs
myndighed, at I må tildele dem, som på grund af brandstiftelser og voldelig
håndspålæggelse på gejstlige eller andre klostergivne personer, er faldet i
bandlysningens snare, og som drager ud mod prøjserne for at forsvare troen og
vil fortsætte et passende tidsrum i så lykkeligt et virke, afløsningens
velgerning, forudsat at de yder de skadelidte og forurettede passende oprejsning,
dog med undtagelse af dem, hvis forseelser er i den grad svære og grove, at de
med rette bør sendes til det apostoliske sæde. Men eftersom nogle falske
prædikanter, som søger deres eget, ikke hvad der hører Jesus Kristus til, og
mere sigter mod kropslig vellyst end sjælelig fremgang og modtager penge eller
indkomster af dem, der har taget korsets tegn, til afløsning af deres løfter,
er det vor vilje, at I under Kirkens straf med tilsidesættelse af appel skal
tvinge dem som svigagtige sendemænd for Guds ord og bedragere over for troende
til at afstå fra en sådan vildfarelse. Givet i Rieti, den 5. februar i vort
pavedømmes femte år.
Comments: The bull was most likely directed to Dominican crusade
preachers in all of the Dacia (provincia Dacie) and not just Denmark (regno
Dacie), but it is addressed to the latter. · On the back of the document is
written: Sancta Maria. This has been interpreted as an indication
that the bull came to the Dacian Dominicans through the Teutonic Order (DD
1.VI:132). · Later additions and
the archival history of the bull indicate that it has been kept at the priory
in Lund. · This bull is the first extant document involving Scandinavian Friars
Preachers in the crusade-preaching cause for certain. The wording of the bull
could, however, give the impression that the preaching had been going on in
Denmark for some time already, and that this bull merely enhanced the friars’
privileges, but the formulation may also just be due to the use of a standard
formula. ● An earlier bull from 1230 enjoined
Friars Preachers to preach the Baltic crusade on Gotland, but this may have
been directed on friars from the province of Teutonia. A series of papal bulls
subsequently engaged the Dominican province of Dacia with Baltic crusade
preaching in 1237, 1243,
1243, 1256, 1257 11/8, 1262
24/4, 1262 31/10 and 1265
17/4, whereas not until 1263 with preaching in
favour of the crusade to the Holy Land.
Published: Diplomatarium Suecanum vol. I no. 263; Bullarium Danicum no. 235; Diplomatarium Danicum
1. ser. vol. VI
no. 132.
Convent of Roskilde |
Johannes
Ebbesen, the king’s marshal, dies in Acre during the crusade. In his will, he leaves
40 marks silver to the Friars Preachers in Roskilde for the construction of a
church and a priory.
Sources: A. Annales Dano-Suecani, B. Annales Petri Olavi.
Language: Latin.
A:
1232. (...) Obiit Johannes marscalcus in Accaron.
Dansk oversættelse:
1232. (...) Johannes Marsk døde i Acre.
B:
1232. Obiit Johannes, marscalcus regis Waldemari, filius Ebbonis, in terra sancta in Achon, et sepultus est in Cimiterio b. Nicolai, qui contulit fratribus predicatoribus Roskildis ad ecclesiam et claustrum construendum quadraginta marchas puri argenti.
Dansk oversættelse:
1232. Johannes, kong Valdemars marsk, søn af Ebbe, døde i Det
Hellige Land i Acre og blev begravet på Skt. Nikolai kirkegård, som skænkede 40
mark rent sølv til prædikebrødrene i Roskilde til opførelsen af kirke og
kloster.
Comments: Johannes Ebbesen was son of the knight and magnate Ebbe Sunesen of
Knardrup, and he thereby belonged to the mighty and wealthy Hvide family, a
noble clan, which at this time owned most of Sjælland and almost monopolized
the episcopal office in Roskilde; Bishop Peder Sunesen of Roskilde (1192-1201)
and Archbishop Anders Sunesen of Lund (1201-1223) were his uncles. Probably, he
took part in a contingent of mainly German, English and Scandinavian crusaders,
who sailed out of Palermo in the summer of 1227 (Jensen 2005, 166-167). If so,
his will, and thus the plans of establishing a Dominican convent in Roskilde
may go back to 1226-27. · The Cemetery of
St. Nicholas, where Johannes Ebbesen is reported buried, is probably the
cemetery attached to the hospital of the Teutonic Knights in Acre. · In Danish
literature mentioning the donation, the amount is sometimes erroneous
enumerated to 400 marks silver.
Published: A. Scriptores Rerum Danicarum vol. II, p. 168; Scriptores Rerum Svecicarum vol. I no. 47; Annales Danici,
p. 131; Annales Suecici,
p. 256; Danmarks middelalderlige annaler,
p. 15; Annales
Ordinis Predicatorum Dacie (online). B. Scriptores Rerum
Danicarum vol. I, p. 183.
Lund |
Convent
of Lund |
The
death-days of four Friars Preachers of the convent in Lund are commemorated in
the cathedral chapter of Lund: Fr. Jordanus on 17 February; Fr. Niclaus on 18
April; Fr. Thomas on 22 May; and Fr. Johannes on 22 August.
Source: Necrologium
Lundensis.
Language: Latin.
∙XIII∙ [kal.] Marcii. (…) Item
obiit frater Jordanus, sacerdos, de ordine fratrum predicatorum Lundis. (…)
∙XIIII∙ kal. Maii. (…) Obiit frater Nicolaus, sacerdos et
professus de ordine fratrum predicatorum Lundis. (…)
∙XI∙ kal. Junii. (…) Obiit Thomas, diaconus sancte Marie de ordine predicatorum Lundis. (…)
∙XI∙ kal. Septembris. (…) Item obiit frater Johannes, sacerdos, de ordine fratrum predicatorum Lundensium. (…)
Dansk oversættelse:
17. februar. (…) Ligeledes døde broder Jordan, præst, af
prædikebrødrenes orden i Lund. [p. 38] (…)
18. april. (…) (...) Broder Niels, præst og gejstlig af
prædikebrødrenes orden i Lund, døde. [p. 91] (…)
22. maj. (…) Broder Thomas, diakon ved Skt. Maria af prædikanternes
orden i Lund, døde. [p. 130] (…)
22. august. (…) Ligeledes døde broder Johannes, præst, af
prædikebrødrenes orden i Lund. [p. 208] (…)
Comments: The entries in this part of the necrology are not dated with
years, but the section in question has been dated by Weeke to the first third
of the thirteenth century (Weeke 1884-89, XIX); since no Friars Preachers came
to Lund before 1221, the potential period then can be narrowed to 1221-33. ●
Whereas three of the friars were ordained priests (sacerdos), Fr. Thomas was only a deacon. ● It is peculiar
that the necrology connects Fr. Thomas to St. Mary (usually meaning the Holy
Virgin), as the Dominican convent in Lund was dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene.
The deacon may, therefore, have been specially connected to a certain altar in
the priory church or to a secular parish church in Lund dedicated to Virgin
Mary. ● Fr. Nicolaus may be identical to the Fr. Nicolaus Lundensis, who
joined the Order of Preachers in 1219 15/8, was
sent to established a convent in Sigtuna in 1220, but when this project had to
be abandoned joined the convent in Lund c.
1223-24 (Historia ).
Published: Scriptores Rerum Danicarum vol. III, pp. 487, 507, 520 and 543; Liber daticus
Lundensis, pp. 38, 91, 130 and
208.
Perugia |
Order
of Preachers (incl. Dacia) |
Pope Gregory IX proclaims
to all prelates of the Church that he has decided to include the founder of the
Order of Preachers, St. Dominic, in the liturgical calendar on 5 August,
something which they all are enjoined to implement. Furthermore, the pope
grants one year of indulgence to anyone, who visits the church on this
particular day.
Source: Original document. The Swedish National Archives, Stockholm.
Language: Latin.
Gregorius episcopus servus servorum Dei, venerabilibus fratribus archiepiscopis et episcopis et dilectis filiis abbatibus prioribus decanis archidiaconis et aliis ecclesiarum prelatis ad quos littere iste pervenerint, salutem et apostolicam benedictionem. Fons sapiencie verbum patris dominus Jesus Christus, cuius natura bonitas opus misericordia redimens et renovans quos creavit, qui vineam quam de egipto transtulit usque ad consumationem seculi non relinquit, sapienter signa propter instabiles mentes innovat, et mirabilia contra diffidentiam incredulitatis immutat, dum in ecclesie nascentis exordio, post obitum Moysi videlicet finem legis ascensurus equos et in evangeliorum quadrigis que vere sunt sanitas arcu sacri eloquii quem donec judeus infirmetur intenderat, et juramentis que in patribus nobis disposuerat suscitatis confidentiam Jericho gloriam mundi quem predicationis fremitu ob stupefactis gentibus vicerat calcaturus, viam equis suis in mari faceret et in raab salutem latitudinis gentium signo coccineo figuraret. In prima quadrigarum quatuor egredientium in Zacharia de medio duorum montium ereorum protulit equos rufos populorum principes fortes terre, qui per obedientiam fidei Deo Habraham patris credentium in fundamentum novi federis adhaerentes ad ducis instar tinctis de Bosrah id est tribulationis angustia vestibus cuncta sue signa militie rubricarunt, ut pro future glorie gaudio presentem gladium non timentes effecti martires id est testes nove legis libro confessionis voce subscriberent, et forinsecis miraculorum signis ad stipulationum robur appositis, librum et tabernaculum quod Deus et non homo finxit, ac evangelici vasa ministerii non brutorum set rationabilium hostiarum sanguine tingerent, et in universam spatiosi maris faciem sagena predicationis expansa multiplicata super numerum de cunctis que sub celo sunt nationibus ecclesiam congregarent. Set quia presumptio multitudinem et malitia subsequta est libertatem in quadriga secunda sub colore qui lugentibus ac penitentibus congruit equestrem cuneum deputavit, qui ad claustrale desertum ductus per spiritum sub novi israelis auriga sanctissimo Benedicto velut sub altero Heliseo filii prophetarum communis vite bonum occasione multitudinis perditum in jocunde cohabitationis grata societate restituit et sic unitatis scissum rete reficiens, ac per opera pietatis ad terram aquilonis unde omne malum panditur proficiscens, cum fecit in inegressis thesauros nivis et contritis corde quiesceret, qui dedignatur in corpore peccatis subdito habitare. Post quos quasi lassum renovaturus excercitum et redditurus jubilum post lamentum applicitis ad quadrigam tertiam equis albis fratribus cisterciensis ordinis et Florensis, velut tonsarum greges gemine caritatis fetibus uberes de penitentie lavacro fecit ascendere sancto Bernardo ariete ovium in virtute spiritus qua ex alto indutus exstitit, et in habundantia frumenti vallium preeunte ut transeuntes liberati per eum in fortitudine clament ad dominum, dicant ymnum et ponant castra Dei excercituum supra mare. Novo igitur israele hiis tribus agminibus turmis totidem quas philistiim fecerant occurrente, hora undecima cum dies jam declinasset ad vesperum, et propter iniquitatis habundantiam caritate plurium frigescente, vergeret justitie radius ad occasum quia vineam ad quam paterfamilias operarios diversis temporibus denarii conductos conventione premiserat, et quam sua dextra plantarat, non solum vitiorum vepres et spine pervaserant, set jam prope modum vulpecule demolientes convertere in aliene vitis amaritudinem intendebant, adversus infestissimam multitudinem militiam adunare volvit promptiorem. Et sicut in presentiarum cernimus post trium signis dífferentium tyrocinia quadrigarum, in quadriga quarta equos varios et robustos predicatorum et minorum fratrum agmina cum electis ducibus simul in prelium directurus, spiritum sancti Dominici suscitavit, et ei velut equo sue glorie prebens fidei fortitudinem et fervorem divine predicationis hinnitum circumdedit collo eius, qui gerens a pueritia cor senile, ac in mortificatione carnis eligens vivere, vite requisivit auctorem, et Deo dedit ac in Nazareum sub beati Augustini regula consecratus, sedulum circa sancta Samuelis imitatus obsequium, in castigatione desiderii piissimum danielis continuavit affectum, justitie semitas et sanctorum vias strenuus, athleta custodiens, et vel ad momentlim de tabernaculo domini, de militantis ecclesie magisterio ac ministerio non discedens, carnem spiritum et sensualitatem subiciens rationi, et factus unus cum Deo spiritus totus in eum per excessum mentis pergere studuit, et sobrie compassionis studiis a caritate proximi non recessit. Quo sagittante delitias carnium et fulgurante mentes lapideas impiorum, omnis hereticorum secta contremuit, omnis ecclesia fidelium exultavit. Etate crescente crevit et gratia. Quandoquidem inexplicabile gaudium de zelo concipiens animarum ad eloquia Dei dedit animum, et quod evangelium Christi multos generans in conversione tam strenue multitudinis, evangelice dignitatis officium profitentis, nomen et opus in terra mervit obtinere majorem. Pastor et dux inclitus in populo Dei factus novum predicatorum ordinem instituit meritis, ordinavit exemplis, nec miraculis confirmare desiit, evidentibus et probatis. Nam preter opera sanctitatis et signa virtutis quibus in carne positus clarvit, diversorum curatis langoribus loquela mutis, visu cecis, surdis auditu, gressu paraliticis, et sanitate pristina multarum generibus invalitudinum restitutis, aperte patuit qualis spiritus in eiusdem sanctissimi gleba corporis habitavit. Cum igitur ex multa familiaritate quam nobiscum in minori constitutus officio habuit argumenta sanctitatis ipsius ex insignis vite testimonio constitissent, essetque postmodum de miraculorum veritate dictorum facta nobis per testes idoneos plena fides nos cum commisso nobis grege domini confidentes, eius posse suffragiis per Dei misericordiam adjuvari, ut cuius in terris solatium gratiose familiaritatis habere mervimus, eius in celis potenti patrocinio, gaudeamus, ipsum de fratrum nostrorum consilio et assensu, ac omnium tunc apud sedem apostolicam consistentium prelatorum cathalogo sanctorum ascribi decrevimus, statuentes firmiter ac universitati vestre presentibus injungentes ut nonas augusti ante diem quo posita carnis sarcina dives meritis penetravit in sancta, similis sanctorum factus in gloria, eius natalicia celebretis et faciatis sollempniter celebrari. Quatinus ipsius precibus Deus quem vivens colvit exoratus, gratiam in presenti seculo et gloriam nobis tribuat in futuro. Nos vero tanti confessoris venerabilem sepulturam que miraculorum fulgoribus generalem illustrat ecclesiam cupientes dignis christiane devotionis honoribus frequentari, vere penitentibus et confessis, illam in festivitate prefata annis singulis cum devotione ac reverentia debita visitantibus, de omnipotentis Dei misericordia et beatorum Petri et Pauli apostolorum eius auctoritate confisi, unum annum de injuncta sibi penitentia misericorditer relaxamus. Datum Perusii nonus octobris pontificatus nostri anno octavo.
Comments: The bull is not
specifically directed at prelates in Scandinavia, but as an original version is
extant at the Swedish National Archives, it is likely to have been kept in a
Scandinavian church archive, perhaps even a Dominican one. ● Fr. Dominic was
canonized by Pope Gregor IX on 3 July 1334, with his feast to be celebrated on
5 August (BOP vol. I no. 108). Dominic had died on the 6 August, but this day
was already assigned in the liturgical calendar to St. Sixtus. In 1588, the
Feast of St. Dominic in the Roman-Catholic Church was transferred to 4 August,
and since 1969 it has been celebrated on 8 August (Hinnebusch 1966, 108;
Halvorsen 2002, 154). ● The Feast
of St. Dominic apparently did not implement all too well at first, as the
injunction had to be renewed by Papal Legate Hugo de Santa Sabina in 1253 1/1
and by Pope Alexander IV in 1255 21/1, the former explicitly
also for Dacia. In 1297, Archbishop Nils of Uppsala
allowed for the feast to be celebrated in the parish churches of his archdiocese.
The first extant use of the day to date Scandinavian diplomas is from 1294 6/8
(Denmark), 1311 5/8 (Sweden) and 1359 5/8 (Norway).
Published:
Diplomatarium Suecanum
vol. I no. 289.
Convent
of Roskilde |
A
convent of Friars Preachers is founded in Roskilde.
Sources: A. Annales Petri Olavi, B. Pontoppidan’s Annales ecclesiæ Danicæ.
Language: A. Latin, B.
German.
A:
1234. Missus est conventus fratrum predicatorum Roskildis.
Dansk oversættelse:
1234. Prædikebrødrenes konvent i Roskilde blev afsendt.
B:
Anno 1233. Liessen sich die Dominicaner, oder Prediger-Mönche, zu Roeschild nieder, und baueten ein herrlich Kloster.
Dansk oversættelse:
År 1233 slår dominikanerne eller prædikemunkene sig ned i
Roskilde og bygger et herligt kloster.
Comments: It is unknown from where the eigthteenth-century chronicler of
B, Erich Pontoppidan, has his dating, but in all cases concerning Dominican
convent foundations, they differ from preserved medieval sources. ● It is
unsaid from where the convent was sent, but most likely, the friars mainly came
from Lund. It is worth noting that the same source also states that “Friars
Preachers arrived in Roskilde” in 1231, which may be a rare Scandinavian
evidence for a pioneer group of friars being send out to prepare the foundation
of an actual convent established three years later.
Published: A. Scriptores Rerum Danicarum vol. I, p. 184; Annales Danici, p. 206. B. Annales ecclesiæ Danicæ vol. I, p. 648.
Convent
of Schleswig |
Friars
Preachers arrive in Schleswig in 1235 and erect a splendid priory. Friars Minor
arrive in Schleswig in 1240 and build a priory too. Other convents are
established in Flensburg (1232), Tønder (1238), Ribe (1232), then in Haderslev,
Husum and Kiel (1269).
Source: Cypræus’ Annales episcoporum Slesvicensium.
Language: Latin.
(…) Nam Prædicatores Slesuicum profecti, Anno 1235, cænobium splendissimum
à fundamentis erexerunt, et ædificarunt quod postea dirutum fuit, vt infra
dicemus. Sed et Fratres Minores, Slesuici, Anno Millesimo Ducentesimo
quadragesimo, Cænobium erigere cæperunt. Flensburgi vero, anno 1232. in oppido
Tunderensi, anno Christi 1238. Ripis, quæ Episcopum habet Peculiarem, anno
1232, vt et Hadersleby, Husij et Kiloniæ, Mathildis quoque Regina, vna cum
fratre Nicolao, longo post tempore, hoc est, anno 1269. (…)
Comments: The authour of this chronicle published in 1634, Johannes Adolphus
Cypræus, had his knowledge from unpublished works of his father and uncle,
Paulus and Hieronymus Cypræus, whose sources to a large part are now lost. Some
of the information brought by J.A. Cypræus is demonstrably untrue, whether this
is caused by misreading of his originals or errors in these – or simple
fabrications by himself. Since other of Cypræus’ data can be verified with more
reliable sources, it is very hard to determine the validity of events only
known through him. ● Most of the monastic foundation years listed by
Cypræus are contradicted by other sources, usually held more reliable.
According to these, the Dominican convent in Schleswig was founded in 1239, whereas the Friars Minor established convents in Schleswig
1232, in Flensburg 1268, in Husum 1494 and in Kiel some time before 1242. Along
with all these apparent mistakes, his foundation years for the Franciscan
convents in Tønder and Ribe are verified elsewhere. ● Christian Radtke has suggested that
the two different foundation years for the Dominican convent in Schleswig
listed by Annales Skeningenses (1239) and Cypræus (1235)
do not necessarily have to mean that (at least) one of them is wrong. Cypræus
could have the year of the first arrival, Annales Skeningenses the actual year
of foundation (Radtke 1974, 49-50). ● The mendicant convent in Haderslev
was Dominican, not Franciscan, and founded around 1251.
It is not completely clear from the wording, if Cypræus differed between the
two mendicant orders in his listing of the convents in Flensburg, Tønder, Ribe,
Haderslev, Husum and Kiel, but it seems to have caused misunderstandings for
subsequent historians, starting with Erich Pontopiddan (see 1227).
Published: Annales episcoporum Slesvicensium,
pp. 239-240; Braunschweig, Ulrich
Petersen, pp. 273-274.
Friars Preachers
build a magnificent priory in Schleswig and Friars Minor build a priory in
Svendborg.
Source: Pontoppidan’s
Annales
ecclesiæ Danicæ.
Language: German.
Anno 1235. (…) Zwen Klöster der beyden neuen Orden
sind in diesem Jahr erbauet, nemlich derer Dominicaner eins zu Schleswig, ein
herrlich Gebäude, und derer Franciscaner eins zu Svenburg in Fühnen (…).
Dansk oversættelse:
1235. (…) To klostre af begge de nye ordener bliver bygget dette
år, nemlig det dominikanske i Slesvig, et herligt byggeri, og det franciskanske
i Svendborg på Fyn (…).
Comments: In regard of the Dominican foundation in Schleswig, the author
Erich Pontoppidan clearly has his knowledge from Cypræus (see above).
Published: Annales ecclesiæ Danicæ
vol. I, p. 648.
Lund |
Convent of Roskilde |
Fr.
Johannes, prior of the Friars Preachers in Roskilde, dies on 2 May, which is noted
in the necrology of Lund Chapter in a section dated to the period 1230-70. He
may be identical to an otherwise unknown Fr. Johannes Cabbi, who according to
the Annales Dano-Suecani dies in 1236.
Sources: A. Necrologium Lundensis, B. Annales Dano-Suecani.
Language: Latin.
A:
VI. Non. Mai. (...) Item obiit frater Johannes, prior predicatorum Roschildis.
Dansk oversættelse:
2. maj. Ligeledes døde broder Johannes, prædikanternes prior i
Roskilde.
B:
1236. Obiit frater Johannes Cabbi.
Dansk oversættelse:
1236. Broder
Johannes ‘Cabbi’ døde.
Comments: Neither Prior Johannes nor Fr. Johannes Cabbi is known from
other sources, but since the Annales Dano-Suecani according to Gallén
probably originates from the Roskilde convent, the two references may point to
the same person; surely, his mentioning in the annals indicates an important
role among the first generation of Dacian Dominicans (Gallén 1946, p. 15).
Published: A. Scriptores Rerum Danicarum vol. III, p. 511; Liber daticus Lundensis, p. 104. B. Scriptores Rerum Danicarum
vol. II, p. 168; Scriptores Rerum Svecicarum
vol. I no. 47; Annales Danici, p. 131; Annales Suecici, p. 256; Danmarks middelalderlige annaler,
p. 15; Annales
Ordinis Predicatorum Dacie (online).
Viterbo |
Order
of Preachers (incl. Dacia) |
Pope
Gregory IX enjoins priors and friars of the Order of Preachers, who preach
against the pagan Livonians and receive redemptions for crusade vows, to hand
over the money to the Teutonic Order in Livonia for the knights to purchase
arms and horses.
Source: Not informed in
LEKUB.
Language: Latin.
Gregorius etcetera dilectis filiis,
prioribus et fratribus ordinis predicatorum, predicantibus contra paganos
Livonie, salutem etcetera. Gravi
considerato discrime, quod fidelibus in Livonie partibus pridem permissione
divina noscitur accidisse, tanto plenius expedit eis opportunum provideri
subsidium, quanto vehementius contra ipsos furit perfidia paganorum. Igitur cum
dicti fideles, et precipue dilecti filii, fratres militie Christi de Livonia,
quos nuper ordini hospitalis sancte Marie theutonicorum Jerusalemitan, duximus
uniendos, in armis et equis, sine quibus inane dicitur exercitium militare,
defectum plurimum sicut accipimus patiantur, devotioni vestre per apostolica
scripta precipiendo mandamus, quatinus elemosinas et bona, que ad opus ipsorum
et fidelium predictorum ad vos pro votorum redemptione perveniunt, vel hactenus
pervenerunt, memoratis fratribus, pro emendis armis et equis ac aliis
necessariis, sublato difficultatis obstaculo, assignetis, alias ipsis quod in
Deo poteritis subventionis solatium procurantes, ut, dum pluribus fuerint
roborati subsidiis, liberius perficere valeant, que sunt ad gloriam
redemptoris. Datum
Viterbii, ∙iii∙ kalendas junii, pontificatus nostri anno undecimo.
Comments: The bull appears addressed to priors and friars in all
Dominican provinces preaching the Baltic crusade, something which the Friars
Preachers of Dacia had been papally engaged with since 1232,
perhaps even since 1230.
Published:
Liv-, Est- und Kurländisches Urkundenbuch
1. ser. vol. I
no. 51.
Rome |
Sweden |
Pope
Gregory IX enjoins the archbishop of Uppsala and the bishops of Sweden to
promote a crusade against the Tavastians, among whom, he has been informed,
numerous apostates have fallen from faith and started molesting those who
remain faithful, e.g. by sacrificing them to demons and mutilating them and
their priests in different barbaric ways. Those who take the Cross are to be
promised the same indulgence and immunity as those who go to the Holy Land.
Source: Transcript in Registrum ecclesie Upsalensis.
Language: Latin.
Indulgentie concesse
crucesignatis contra Tavestes hac si irent ultra mare Gregorii pape.
Gregorius episcopus servus servorum Dei venerabilibus fratribus Upsalensi
archiepiscopo et suffraganeis eius salutem et apostolicam benedictionem.
Plantavit vineam dextera Domini eamque sanguine filii sui voluit irrigari, ut
ex fluente de Christi latere rivulo fecundata, vinum produceret, cuius refectus
dulcedine plantator altissimus exultaret. Sed prodolor ecce ab apro de silva
exterminium patitur ecce singularis ferus eandem suis pastibus demolitur. Nam
sicut transmisse ad nos vestre littere continebant illorum qui Tavesti
dicuntur, natio que olim multo labore ac studio vestro et predecessorum
vestrorum ad fidem catholicam conversa extitit nunc procurantibus inimicis
crucis prope positis ad antiqui erroris reversa perfidiam cum quibusdam
barbaris novellam ecclesie Dei plantationem de Tavestia funditus dyabolo
coadiuvante subvertunt, parvulos quibus in baptismo Christi lumen illuxit,
violenter de hac luce subtractos interimunt, quosdam adultos subtractis ab eis
primo visceribus demonibus immolant, et alios usque ad amissionem spiritus
arbores circuire compellunt, sacerdotes vero quosdam exoculant, et quibusdam
eorum manibus et ceteris membris crudeliter multilatis, reliquos in
combustionem et cibum ignis paleis involutos exponunt, sicque ipsorum paganorum
seviciis regnum Sweorum opprimitur, quod de facili extremam fidei desolationem
incurret, nisi sibi Dei et apostolice sedis auxilio succurratur, verum cum
tanto libentius contra huiusmodi apostatas et barbaros inpugnandos sit a viris
Deum timentibus assurgendum quanto majoribus ecclesiam Dei dampnis affligere
cupiunt, qui jidem catholicam tam detestabili crudelitate confundunt
fraternitati vestre per apostolica scripta mandamus quatinus viros catholicos
in regno predicto, et vicinis insulis positos ut contra eosdem apostatas et
barbaros crucis signaculum assumentes ipsis viriliter et potenter expugnent
preceptis salutaribus inducatis. Nos, enim attendentes, quod Deo tanto gratior
est defensio fidei, quanto ceteris virtutibus anime fides debet preciosior
reputari, de omnipotentis Dei misericordia et beatorum Petri et Pauli
apostolorum eius auctoritate confisi, illam ob id assumentibus signum crucis
concedimus veniam peccatorum, et ipsos ea volumus immunitate gaudere quam
habituri essent si in Terram Sanctam personaliter se transferrent. Datum Laterani quinto idus decembris
pontificatus nostri anno undecimo.
Comments: The archbishop of Uppsala at this time was Jarler (1236-1255);
see 1255.
● Nothing is stated about how the crusade was to be promoted to the
Swedes, but it is quite likely that Archbishop Jarler made use of Dominican
preachers, as he is known to have been very amicable with the Friars Preachers
and a line of Dominican convents were founded in Sweden in these very years:
Sigtuna and Skänninge (1237), Skara (1239),
Kalmar and Lödöse (1243), Västerås (1244),
and perhaps Visby (before 1243). ● A similar bull was
issued in 1240 14/12 to the archbishop of Lund in favour of the
renewed Danish crusade to Estonia.
Published: Diplomatarium Suecanum vol. I no. 298.
Convents
of Sigtuna and Skänninge |
Fr.
Jordan of Saxony, master general of the Order of Preachers, submerges in the
Sea of Jerusalem, and convents of Friars Preachers are established in Sigtuna
and Skänninge.
Sources: A. Annales
Skeningenses,
B. Annales 1160-1336.
Language: Latin.
A:
MMCCXXXVII obiit
Benedictus episcopus Lincopensis, magister Jordanus in mari Gerosolimitano submergitur,
interfeccio Nordmannorum in Skanør venit, et conventus Sictuniam et Skæningiam.
Dansk oversættelse:
1237 døde biskop Bengt af Linköping, (general)magister Jordan
gik under i Jerusalemshavet, nordmændene ødelagde Skanør, og konventer ankom
til Sigtuna og Skänninge.
B:
MCCXXXVII obiit Benedictus episcopus
Lincopensis, pridie nonas Januarii, et conventus fratrum venit Sigtoniam.
Comments: Jordan of Saxony shripwrecked and drowned near the coast of
Syria after a pilgrimage and visitation to the Dominican priories in the
province of the Holy Land. ● Either the chronicler or the transcriber
seem to have mixed up the order of words in the last part, so that it should
have read: ..interfeccio Nordmannorum in
Skanør, et venit conventus Sictuniam et Skæningiam. ● A first attempt
to establish a convent in Sigtuna had stranded in 1221-23. The Friars Preachers had previously received a site
for their priory in Sigtuna by Archbishop Jarler, see 1234-37.
Published:
A. Danske Samlinger 1.
ser. vol. V, p. 372; Scriptores Rerum Suecicarum vol. III no. 1, p. 3; Annales Suecici,
p. 260; Annales Ordinis Predicatorum Dacie (online).
B. Annales
Suecici, p. 268.
Convent of Sigtuna |
Archbishop
Jarler of Uppsala donates a site for a priory in Sigtuna to the Friars
Preachers.
Source: Olavus
Petri’s En Swensk Crøneka.
Language: Swedish.
Anno Domini MCCXXXIIII bleef erchebiscop Olaff Basatømer
dødh, hwilken ther war konung Erics skyldman, och strax epter honom wardt
Jerler erchebiscop, then ther rwmet gaff swartmunkom til closter i Sichtuna.
Comments: Although Archbishop Olof Basatömir of Uppsala died in 1234,
his successor Jarler was not officially installed until 1236. On Archbishop
Jarler of Uppsala, see 1255. ● The official year of
foundation for the convent in Sigtuna was 1237.
Published:
Samlade skrifter af Olavus
Petri vol. IV, p. 64.
Stensby |
Province
of Dacia, Convent of Riga (prov. Teutonia) |
Fr. Johannes, Fr. Anfridus and Fr. Boninus (Boecius?) of the Friars Preachers are among the retinue to counsel and testify the
Treaty of Stensby between King Valdemar II of Denmark and the preceptor of
Teutonic Order concerning Danish interests in Estonia; the settlement takes
place in the presence of Papal Legate Guillelmus de Modena.
Source: Transcripts of 1304
29/11 (a) and 1314 15/6 (b). The Swedish National Archives, Stockholm.
Language: Latin.
In nomine Domini nostri Jhesu Christi, anno
Domini MCCXXXVIII, ∙vii∙ idus Junii, in presencia dominorum regis
Dacie Waldemari, regis Erici, ducis Abel et Christofori, filiorum dicti domini
regis Waldemari, item domini Uffonis, archiepiscopi Lundensis, domini
Willehelmi, quondam Mutinensis episcopi, penitenciarii domini pape, apostolice
sedis legati, item domini Petri, Arusiensis episcopi, domini Nicholai,
Roskildensis episcopi, et domini Johannis, episcopi Burlanensis, item fratrum
predicatorum Johannis, Anfridi (b: Amfridi), Bonini, et fratrum minorum
Reynardi et Alberti, item dominorum comitis Alberti et comitis Ernesti, et
domini Hermanni, preceptoris in Livonia et Prucia fratrum domus Theutonice
hospitalis sancte Marie Jerosolimitani, item meliorum regni Dacie, quorum
omnium voluntate, consilio et consensu peracta sunt omnia infra scripta. (…)
Datum Stenby, regnante Domino nostro Jhesu Christo, cui est honor in secula
seculorum, amen.
Comments: Fr. Anfridus and
perhaps also Fr. Johannes can be
identified with leading Friars Preachers of the convent in Riga, who shortly before
(1238 21/4) testified to a settlement between the Teutonic Order and the bishop
of Riga concerning the distribution of tithe: “Huius autem rei testes sunt: de ordine predicatorum frater Johannes,
frater Tidericus, frater Paulus, frater Anfridus, frater Hermannus (…)”
(LEKUB 1. ser. vol. III no. 159). Since this settlement was also made in the
presence of Papal Legate Guillelmus de Modena, the two friars are likely to
have accompanied the legate and the Teutonic preceptor on their journey from
Livonia to Denmark, whereas Fr. Boninus/Boecius was more likely part of the
Danish retinue (Gallén 1946, 50 note 21). ● The Treaty of Stensby took place at the royal demesne Stensby on
the south coast of Sjælland near the habour castle of Vordingborg, from where
King Valdemar II of Denmark was about to launch a naval attack on Livonia to
reconquer Estonia. With the settlement such an attack was avoided by the
Teutonic Order, who in return ceded the Estonian counties of Tallinn (Revalia),
Virumaa (Vironia/Virland), Harjumaa (Harria) and Järvamaa (Gervia) to the
Danish king; the latter county was, however, immediately after returned to the
Teutonic Order as a token of good will. In addition to the exchange of lay
lordship, the three counties were also returned from ecclesiastical supremacy
of Riga to that of Lund. ● Guillelmus
de Modena (Guglielmo di Modena,
William of Modena, †1251) was an Italian secular clergy and papal diplomat, who
became bishop of Modena in 1222. He was appointed papal legate on several
occasions in the 1220s and 1240s, especially in concern of Northern Europe,
where he appears to have been a good friend of the Friars Preachers; he
occassionally appears in diplomas on Dacian-Dominican issues, as in 1247
13/8 and 1248. After resigning the see in Modena
to devote himself fully to his diplomatic tasks, he was appointed cardinal
bishop of Sabina by Pope Innocent IV in 1244. ● On Duke Abel of
Schleswig, see 1250.
Published:
Liv-, Est- und Kurländisches Urkundenbuch 1. ser. vol. I no. 160; Diplomatarium Danicum 1. ser. vol. VII
no. 9.
Lund, Roskilde |
Province
of Dacia, convent of Roskilde |
Fr.
Rano, the first prior provincial of Dacia, dies. He is buried at the Dominican
priory in Roskilde.
Source: A. Necrologium Lundensis, B. Necrologium OP Ripensis,
C. Annales Dano-Suecani, D. Annales Skeningenses,
E. Priores prouinciales in prouincia Dacie, F. Tombstone.
Language: Latin.
A:
XVII Kal. Aug. (...) Item obiit frater Rano
prior provincialis fratrum predicatorum in Dacia.
Dansk oversættelse:
16. august. (...) Ligeledes døde broder Rano, provincialprior for
prædikebrødrene i Dacia.
B:
XVII Kl. (Aug.) O[biit] fr. Rano primus p[rior provincialis...?]
Dansk oversættelse:
16. (august). Broder Rano døde, den første p(rovincialprior...).
C:
1238. (...) Obiit magister Rano. (...)
Dansk oversættelse:
1238. (...) Magister Rano døde.
(...)
D:
1238. (...) obiit Rano frater primus provincialis, Dacie.
Dansk oversættelse:
1238. (...) Broder Rano døde, den første provincial i Dacia.
E:
Primus prior provincialis in provincia Dacie ordinis fratrum predicatorum fuit frater Rano, vir reverendus, diuque fuit prior provincialis. Et obiit in officio provincialatus.
Dansk oversættelse:
Den første provincialprior i provinsen Dacia af Prædikebrødrenes
Orden var broder Rano, en agtværdig mand, der længe var provincialprior. Og han
døde i provincialembedet.
F:
Hic jacet frater Rano, primus prior provincialis fratrum Prædicatorum in Dacia, quondam decanus Roschildensis.
Dansk oversættelse:
Her hviler broder Rano, den første provincialprior for
prædikebrødrene i Dacia, tidligere dekan i Roskilde.
Comments: Fr. Rano’s past as dean at the cathedral chapter in Roskilde
is confirmed by Historia, which also claims to know
that he was elected bishop of Roskilde and on his way to the Curia, when he
joined the Order of Preachers in Paris; if so, this must refer to the episcopal
election after the death of Bishop Peder Jakobsen in 1225, which was won by
Niels Stigsen. The past in Roskilde also explains why he chose to be buried at
the priory here, where his tombstone was found among the priory ruins in 1670;
unfortunately, the stone soon vanished again, but the text was preserved by
Peder Resen in his ‘Atlas Danicus’.
Published: A. Scriptores Rerum Danicarum vol. III,
p. 534; Liber
daticus Lundensis, p. 178. B. Kirkehistoriske Samlinger
1. ser. vol. II, p. 495. C. Scriptores Rerum Danicarum vol. II, p.
168; Scriptores
Rerum Svecicarum vol. I no. 47; Annales Danici,
p. 131; Annales
Suecici,
p. 256; Danmarks middelalderlige annaler, p. 15; Annales Ordinis Predicatorum Dacie (online). D. Scriptores Rerum
Svecicarum vol. III,
pp. 3-4; Annales
Suecici,
p. 260; Dominican annals of Dacia (online).
E. Wedel-Jarlsberg,
La Province de Dacia, p. 276; Karlsson, Handlingar,
p. 6; Archivum
Fratrum Praedicatorum vol. 70, p. 88; Halvorsen, Dominikus,
p. 248; Priores prouinciales in prouincia Dacie
(online). F. Atlas Danicus. Roskilde, p. 73.
Province of Dacia |
Fr.
Analdus is elected second prior provincial of Dacia.
Source: A. Historia ordinis
predicatorum in Dacia,
B. Annales Dano-Suecani, C. Priores prouinciales in prouincia Dacie.
Language: Latin.
A:
(...) post quem Analdus duobus annis (...)
Dansk oversættelse:
(...) efter ham (dvs. Rano) (fulgte) Analdus i to år (...)
B:
1238. (...) Factus magister ordinis frater Remundus, prouincialis Dacie
Analdus.
Dansk oversættelse:
1238. (...) Broder Raymond blev ordensmester, Analdus (blev)
provincial i Dacia.
C:
Secundus fuit frater Aynundus, qui non diuitius stetit in officio. (...)
Dansk oversættelse:
Den anden var broder Ejnar, som ikke sad længe i embedet. (...)
Comments: The date of the election can probably be narrowed down to the
late summer of 1238 in connection to the provincial chapter, which in Dacia usually
was held in August or September; Analdus’ predecessor, Fr. Rano, died in office
on 16 July 1238. The provincialate
of Fr. Analdus lasted to 1240
or 1241.
Published: A. Scriptores Rerum Danicarum vol. V, p. 501; Archivum Fratrum
Praedicatorum vol. 70, p. 87; Halvorsen, Dominikus,
p. 219; Historia ordinis predicatorum in Dacia (online).
B. Scriptores
Rerum Danicarum vol. II, p. 168; Scriptores Rerum
Svecicarum vol. I no. 47; Annales Danici, p.
131; Danmarks middelalderlige annaler, p. 15; Annales Ordinis Predicatorum Dacie (online). C. Wedel-Jarlsberg, La
Province de Dacia, p. 276; Karlsson, Handlingar,
p. 6; Archivum
Fratrum Praedicatorum vol. 70, pp. 88-89; Halvorsen, Dominikus,
p. 248; Priores prouinciales in prouincia Dacie
(online).
Convent of Slesvig |
Friars
Preachers and Friars Minor arrive in Slesvig during the episcopacy of Bishop
Tyge of Slesvig.
Source: A. Cypræus’ Catalogus
episcoporum Slesvicensium; B. Hamsfort’s
Catalogus episcoporum Sliesuicensium.
Language: Latin.
A:
1216 [-1240]. Relligio his oris nova præsule visa Tucone est. Venit secta
prius nigra, deinde minor. (…)
B:
Tuco, hoc episcopo dominicani introducti et
minores, Cypræus, (…).
Comments: Cornelius Hamsfort is often quoted for saying that Bishop Tyge
introduced the two mendicant orders in Slesvig. He does, however, also state
his source, Hieronymus Cypræus, who only tells that the orders came to Slesvig
during Tyge’s episcopacy. ● Bishop Tyge of Slesvig was in office from
1234 to his death in 1238. His follower Johannes was initiated in 1240.
Published: A. Scriptores Rerum
Danicarum vol. VII, 179; B. Scriptores Rerum
Danicarum vol. VII, 173.
Convents
of Skara and Schleswig |
Convents
of Friars Preachers are established in Skara and Schleswig.
Source: Annales Skeningenses.
Language: Latin.
MCCXXXIX venit conventus Skaris, et in Slæsvik. (…)
Dansk oversættelse:
1239 ankom konventer til Skara og Slesvig. (…)
Comments: A post-medieval source dates the convent foundation in
Schleswig to 1235; Annales Skeningenses, although otherwise primarily Swedish in its
perspective, seem to be quite well-informed about events in Schleswig, and the
yearbook generally appears more accurate than the post-medieval chronicle. An
inscript from 1519 may indicate a final (official) convent foundation in
Schleswig in 1241.
Published:
Danske Samlinger 1.
ser. vol. V, p. 372; Scriptores Rerum Svecicarum vol. III no. 1, p. 4; Annales Suecici,
p. 260; Annales Ordinis Predicatorum Dacie (online).
Convent
of Oslo |
During the Battle of Oslo
between King Håkon Håkonsson of Norway and Earl Skule, the king leads his
troops through the canons’ residence and from there through the priory of the
Friars Preachers, where they break down a wooden fence into the neighbouring
church of St. Olav.
Source: Hákonar
saga Hákonarsonar ch. 236.
Language: Old Norse.
(…) Ok er Hakon konungr hafði skípat monnum til atsoknar við þat garðzlið sem hann var sialfr hia geck hann ínn i korsbræðragarð ok þaðan i predicara-garð. Enn millum Olafs-kirkiu ok predicara-garðz var sterkr skiðgarðr enn enginn steinmurr. Let konungrínn þar bera a suôrðu ok stor reip ok var sua skiðgarðrinn nídr brotínn. (…)
Dansk oversættelse:
(…) Da kong Håkon havde stillet sin hær op til angreb, som han ville, gik han ind i Korsbrødregården og derfra i prædikanternes gård. Imellem Skt. Olavs kirke og prædikanternes gård var en stærkt pæleværk, om end ingen stenmur. Kongen lod det rive ned ved hjælp af stærke reb. (…)
Comments: The manouvre
enabled King Håkon’s men to take the ducal forces, who had taken position in
the neighbouring cemetery of St. Halvard’s Church, by surprise, which led to a
decisive defeat for Earl Skule. The earl and his son Peter fled to Nidaros,
where Peter was captured and killed in 1240 21/5,
Skule himself three days later. ● This is the first positive reference to
the existence of Friars Preachers in Oslo. A later passage in the same saga,
stating that King Håkon Håkonsson gave the Church of St. Olav in Oslo to the
Friars Preachers, is, although undated, traditionally supposed to have taken
place in the years before the battle (1240 at the latest).
The reference to the fence between the friars’ house and the church could, however,
also suggest that the latter at this time was still not part of the priory;
indeed, it may even have become so to show the king’s gratitude with the
decisive entry through the priory.
Published:
Mundt, Hákonar saga…, p. 130.
Convent
of Nidaros |
Peter,
son of Earl Skule, enters the church of the Friars Preachers in Nidaros with
four armed henchmen during an attempt to escape the forces of King Håkon
Håkonsson of Norway. The friars offer him their protection, but he has no trust
in that and in stead he continues to the archbishop’s house.
Source: Hákonar
saga Hákonarsonar ch. 239.
Language: Old Norse.
(…) Pétr hertugason var litla hrið i kristzkirkiu ok fór þaðan i predicara-kirkiu. Predikarar buðu at giæta hans enn hann eigi traust a þat ok for i biskupsgarð ok ∙iiij∙ sueinar með honum. (…)
Dansk oversættelse:
(…) Peter hertugsøn var i Kristkirken en lille stund og gik derfra til prædikanternes kirke. Prædikanterne tilbød ham beskyttet ophold hos sig, men han havde ikke tillid dertil og drog derfra til bispegården med fire svende. (…)
Comments: Peter Skulesson (†1240) was son of the
powerful Earl Skule, who was father-in-law to King Håkon and for long de facto
regent of Norway. The still more troubled relations between earl and king, of
whom Peter supported his father, finally led to open war between the two
parties in late 1239, when Skule proclaimed himself king. The ducal forces had
been decisively defeated in Oslo on 1240 21/4,
and in the following weeks members of the ducal party were hunted down all over
Norway. After the short stay with the friars, Peter Skulesson saught refuge at
the Augustinian Abbey of Helgeseter just outside Nidaros, but was recognized by
his enemies, taken outside the priory and killed. ● The passage is
traditionally read as if Peter did not have trust in the friars and their
promise (e.g. Hødnebø & Magerøy 1979, 234), but it can equally well be read
as if he doubted his enemies’ intentions to acknowledge the monastic asylum
(Lange 1847, 360). Both sides to such a doubt would certainly be justified, as
royal forces just a month earlier had sneaked up on the earl’s troops in Oslo
by going through the Dominican priory (1240 21/4),
and the Birkebeiners’ disrespect for
monastic peace was evidenced soon after, when not only Peter, but also his father
Earl Skule were driven out of Helgeseter Abbey by force and slain just outside
its gates (HHS ch. 239-241). ● This is the first positive reference to
the existence of Friars Preachers in Nidaros. While the exact location of the
priory has not yet been established archaeologically, the text suggests that it
was situated close to Nidaros Christchurch as well as the archbishop’s
residence.
Published:
Mundt, Hákonar saga…, p. 133.
Bologna |
Province
of Dacia |
The
general chapter of the Friars Preachers concedes to the foundation of two
convents in the province of Hungaria (of which one is to be placed in
Transylvania), two in Dacia, one in Francia (in Auxerre) and one in Polonia;
for Dacia and Polonia, decision on the location of the foundations is left for
the provincial chapters.
Source: Acta capitulorum generalium OP.
Language: Latin.
In nomine patris et filii et spiritus sancti, amen. Acta capituli generalis
Bononie celebrati anno Domini MCCXL. (…)
Concessiones domorum: Concedimus duas domos provincie Ungarie, unam ponendam in provincia Silvana; Dacie ∙ii∙ secundum quod videbitur capitulo provinciali; Francie ∙i∙ ponendam in Altisiodoro; Polonie ∙i∙ secundum quod videbitur capitulo provinciali. (…)
Dansk oversættelse:
I Faderens,
Sønnens og Helligåndens navn, amen. Akter af generalkapitlet afholdt i Bologna i det Herrens år
1240. (…) Bevillinger af huse: Vi tilstår to huse til provinsen Hungaria, ét at
placere i provinsen Transsylvanien; i Dacia to, som i overensstemmelse med
provincialkapitlet; i Francia et placeret i Auxerre; i Polonia et andet, som i overensstemmelse med
provincialkapitlet. (...)
Comments: The act is undated,
but the chapter was usually held at Pentecost. ● It is not possible to
identify the concrete convent foundations in question for Dacia. Most likely
candidates are Schleswig (1239), Skara (1239),
Nidaros (1230-40), Oslo (1237-40) and Visby (before 1243) ● The general chapter of 1240 also had the
second reading of the decision to grant Dacia the same electoral rights as
other provinces in the election of masters general (see 1241
19/5) and the first reading of the decision to add Dacia
to the ‘Parisian group’ of provinces to be informed of the death of masters
general (see 1242 8/6).
Published:
Monumenta Ordinis Fratrum
Praedicatorum Historica vol. III, p. 18; Diplomatarium Danicum 1. ser. vol. VII no. 66.
Rome |
Convents
in Denmark? |
Pope
Gregory IX enjoins the Archbishop of Lund and his suffragan bishops in Demark
to preach a crusade against the infidels, who attack the Christians in Estonia.
Those who take the Cross are to be promised the same
indulgence and immunity as those who go to the Holy Land.
Source: Transcript in Regesta Vaticana. The Vatican
Archives, Rome.
Language: Latin.
Archiepiscopo Lundensi et suffraganeis suis. Ad
similitudinem Dei conditus et ad ipsius ymaginem homo factus, qui cum in honore
esset et in invisibilia Dei per ea que facta sunt intellecta conspicere
potuisset, sempiternam quoque virtutem ac divinitatem ipsius, ita ut
excusationem aliquam non haberet, quia non intellexit comparatus jumentis
insipientibus, illis similis est effectus; et obscuratum insipiens cor eiusdem,
ut mutans gloriam incorruptibilis Dei in similitudinem ymaginis corruptibilis
hominis et volucrum quadrupedum, et serpentum elegit creature quam creatori
potius deservire. Et licet omnipotens Deus ne ille periret ex toto quem inter
ceteras creaturas extulerat privilegio dignitatis, exurgens propter miseriam
inopum et gemitum pauperam per fidem in sanguine ipsius propitiatorum
proposuerit Jhesum Christum propter remissionem precedentium delictorum
princeps tamen mundi huius quorundam infidelium mentes adeo excecavit, ut
illuminatio evangelii in eos non valeat radiare, sed adhuc infidelitatis
tenebris obvoluti, non solum nolint Dominum invocare; qui prope est omnibus
invocantibus eum in veritate, quia omnis quicumque invocaverit nomen Domini
salvus erit, sed etiam sicut olim in filiis Abrae is qui secundum carnem
genitus fuerat ex ancilla persequebatur illum qui secundum spiritum ex libera
natus erat, ita et nunc filii Agar, id est infidelium populus qui adhuc in
tenebris ambulans, necdum videre mervit lucem magnam; nos qui jam non sumus
filii ancille se libere, qua libertate Christus nos liberavit persequi non
desistant, qui sic evanuerunt in cogitationibus suis, ut ipsum qui venit jugum
captivitatis eorum dissolvere nolint agnoscere redemptorem, ipso eos
ineffabilis providente sue consilio tolerante; ut vel ad eum redeant utendo
felicius libertate arbitrii vel demum justas querelas non habeant contra ipsum
tamdiu misericorditer expectati, necnon ut fidelibus ad exercitium virtutis
existant, laborum suorum qui non perit fructum exinde habituris. Cum igitur hii
qui de Estonie partibus per Dei gratiam ad fidem Christiani nominis sunt
conversi, a barbaris circumstantibus multipliciter molenstentur; ac per hoc
petant sibi a Christi fidelibus suveniri; fraternitatem vestram monemus et
obsecramus in Domino ac in remissionem vestrorum injungimus peccaminum quatinus
subjectos vobis populus moneatis attentius et efficaciter inducatis, ut ad
tante felicitatis bravium properantes et ponentes cum Moyse gladium supra
femur, contra huiusmodi gentes idolatras et populum murmurantem currant in
splendore armorum Domini accincti ad eius prelium preliandum, qui coronam
legitime certantibus repromittit. Nos enim de omnipotentis Dei misericordia et
beatorum Petri et Pauli apostolorum eius auctoritate confisi omnibus vere
penitentibus et confessis, tam crucesignatis vestrarum diocesium pro succursu
Terre Sancte volentibus vota sua in huiusmodi subsidium commutare, quam aliis
earundem diocesium qui contra fidei nostre hostes ad partes illas accesserint
ibidem saltem per annum in huiusmodi Jhesu Christi servitio moraturi, illam
indulgentiam elargimur, que transeuntibus in Terre Sancte subsidium est
concessa. Datum Laterani, ∙xviiii∙ kalendas januarii anno ∙xiiii∙.
Comments: The archbishop of
Lund at this time was Uffe Thrugotsen
(1228-1252). While he took a leading part in the foundation of the convent of
Friars Minor in Lund 1238-39, his attitude towards the Friars Preachers is not
positively known, but he was most likely the initiating founder of their
convent in Åhus (Gallén 1946, 28) and commemorative prayers were prescribed for
him after his death at the Dominican provincial chapters in 1253 Aug-Sep
and 1254
8/9. ● It is
neither evident from the wording just who the attacking infidels were, nor who
was meant to lead the crusade against them. It is, however, commonly believed
that rather than to be seen as a papal call against the ongoing uprisings of
pagan Oesilians at Saaremaa or elsewhere in and around Estonia, the bull was
aimed to engage Denmark in a joint Scandinavian campaign against the Orthodox
Russians in Novgorod (Jensen 2005, 195). A familiar bull had been issued in 1237 9/12
to the archbishop of Uppsala to promote a crusade against the Tavastians in
central Finland, which in 1240 was successfully led by Earl Birger of Sweden,
but when the Swedes tried to continue the expansion eastwords into Ingermanland
around the river Neva towards Lake Ladoga, they were defeated by the Novgorod
Rus’ in a battle on 15 July 1240, from which the earl himself only just managed
to escape. It was most likely the continued efforts after the Battle of Neva to
subdue the Orthodox Novgorodian Rus’ under the papacy that the call to the
Danish episcopacy was meant to promote; a familiar call was made to King Håkon
Håkonsson of Norway in 1241 6-8/7. The call may have had some effect, as
a Danish force was in fact engaged in the Neva region as part of a Catholic
alliance in 1241-42. It was initially led by Prince Abel of Denmark and the
Danish Duke Knud of Estonia, but they both left the campaign to return to
Denmark, when they had learned that King Valdemar II had died in March 1241.
The remaining Danish forces were part of the joint Catholic attack on Novgorod
in the spring of 1242, which led to a decisive western defeat on the frozen
Lake Peipus on 5 April (Jensen 2005, 195-197). ● Nothing is stated about how the crusade
was to be promoted to the Danes, but it is quite likely that the Danish bishops
would have been encouraged to make use of Dominican preachers, whom since 1230 13/9 and 1232 respectively had held a role as expert crusade
preachers in the region on behalf of the Teutonic Order against the pagan
Prussians and the Archbishop of Bremen against the heretic Stedingers. From 1232 5/2 onwards, also the increasing number of Dominican convents within
the province of Dacia were papally enlisted with the task of preaching the
Baltic crusade on behalf of the Teutonic Order, and in the years around 1240
new Dominican convents had been founded in virtually all Danish dioceses.
Published:
Liv-,
Est- und Kurländisches Urkundenbuch 1. ser. vol. I no. 167;
Bullarium Danicum no. 303; Diplomatarium Danicum 1. ser. vol. VII no. 62.
Literature:
Jakobsen 2021(a), p. 102.
Convent of Oslo |
King Håkon Håkonsson of Norway grants the
church of St. Olav in Oslo to the Order of Preachers.
Source: Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar ch. 333.
Language: Old Norse.
(…). Hann let giora berfættubrædra-kirkiu i Tunsbergi
ok var hun sidan færd sudur i Dragsmork ok let hann þar giora mariu-kirkiu ur
steine ok gaf til fimtige-markabol hann let giora borg a valkabiorgum ok let
sidan færa til nicolaskirkiu i Oslo. Hann gaf þar olafskirkiu predikorum
ok let husa kongsgard vt a eyrum i bænum. (…)
Comments: The reference to the donation is included in the king’s concluding
memorial in the final part of the saga, from which it cannot be dated more
accurately. Traditionally it is believed to have taken place shortly before the
first dated reference to the priory in 1240 21/4,
but since this refers to a strong fence
between the friars’ house and the church, it could suggest that the latter at
this time was still not part of the priory; indeed, it may even have become so
to show the king’s gratitude with the decisive entry through the priory. ●
The church of St. Olav was situated to the immediate north of Oslo Cathedral.
It has been dated to the twelfth century; its original function is unknown.
Published:
Mundt, Hákonar saga…, p. 209.
Province
of Dacia |
Prior
Provincial Analdus is absolved by the general chapter and Fr. Absalon is
elected new provincial of Dacia.
Source: A. Historia ordinis
predicatorum in Dacia,
B. Annales Dano-Suecani, C. Priores prouinciales in prouincia Dacie.
Language: Latin.
A:
(...) post quem Absolon annis uiginti.
Dansk oversættelse:
(...) efter ham (dvs. Analdus) (fulgte) Absalon i tyve år.
B:
1241. Factus prouincialis Dacie frater Absalon, magister ordinis frater
Iohannes.
Dansk oversættelse:
1241. Broder Absalon blev provincial i Dacia, broder Johannes
(blev) ordensmester.
C:
(...) Fuit absolutus in capitulo generali [MCCXXXV]. Tertuis fuit frater Absalon, uir reuerendus et bonus. (...)
Dansk oversættelse:
(...) Han (dvs. Analdus) blev afløst på generalkapitler [i
1235]. Den tredje var broder Absalon, en agtværdig og god mand. (...)
Comments: The absolution of Fr. Analdus is only recorded by Bernard Gui.
The added year, 1235, is obviously wrong, as he did not come into office until 1238. Rather, he was
absolved in 1240 or 1241; however, the general chapter acts of neither the
years mention him. Annales Dano-Suecani dates the substitution to 1241.
Absalon stayed in office, with a short intermezzo in 1250, till his death in 1261.
Published: A. Scriptores Rerum Danicarum vol. V, p. 501; Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum vol. 70, p. 87; Halvorsen, Dominikus,
p. 219; Historia ordinis predicatorum in
Dacia (online).
B. Scriptores Rerum Danicarum
vol. II, p. 168; Scriptores Rerum Svecicarum
vol. I no. 47; Annales Danici, p. 131; Annales Suecici, p. 256; Danmarks middelalderlige annaler,
p. 15; Annales
Ordinis Predicatorum Dacie (online). C. Wedel-Jarlsberg,
La Province de Dacia, p. 276; Karlsson,
Handlingar, p. 6; Archivum Fratrum
Praedicatorum vol. 70, pp. 88-89; Halvorsen,
Dominikus, p. 248; Priores prouinciales in prouincia Dacie (online).
Riga |
Convent
of Riga (prov. Teutonia), Bishop of Ösel-Wiek |
Bishop Henricus OP of Ösel-Wiek declares that
he has entered an agreement with the Teutonic Order, which extends his
episcopal jurisdiction into “the lands between the Estonians already converted
and the Russians, i.e. the lands Watland, Neva, Ingria and Karelia”, where there is hope of a soon conversion after an expected military
conquest by the Teutonic Knights. The agreement leaves the entire spiritual
authority in the district to the bishop, who for this is to receive a tenth of
all tithes, except of certain skins, whereas the Teutonic Order is to keep
patronage of the churches and all other ecclesiastical income, as the knights
singlehandedly bear the trouble, costs and danger of subjugating the pagans.
The agreement is co-witnessed by Fr. Sinderammus and Fr. Hugo of the Friars
Preachers in Riga.
Source: Original document. The Swedish National
Archives, Stockholm.
Language: Latin.
Frater Henricus de ordine predicatorum Osilie et Maritime divina miseratione episcopus, cunctis Christi fidelibus, ad quos presens scriptum pervenerit, salutem in domino Jhesu Christo. Ne labantur cum tempore, que geruntur in tempore, perennari solent litteris ac testibus roborari. Notum ergo facimus tam posteris, quam presentibus, quod fratres domus s. Marie Theutonicorum in Livonia nobiscum concordaverunt, cum a sede apostolica postularent, jurisdictionem nostram extendi ad terras inter Estoniam jam conversam et Rutiam, in terris videlicet Watlande, Nouve, Ingrie et Carele, de quibus spes erat conversionis ad fidem Christi, eum jam occupate essent a predictis fratribus per quoddam castrum, multorum de ipsis terris consensu, sub hac forma compositionis, ut videlicet nos, in spiritualibus in terris illis providentes, decimam decime perciperemus in omnigenis proventibus, exceptis variis pelliculis, ipsis autem fratribus omne reliquum cederemus emolumentum, tam in jure patronatus ecclesiarum, quam piscationibus, advocatiis et ceteris imperalibus [temporalibus?], pro eo, quod ipsis incumberet labor, expensa et periculum in barbarorum subjugatione. Neque vero possit in posterum suboriri calumnia, compositionem nostram litteris mandari fecimus, sigillo nostro communitis ac testibus, qui presentes fuerunt, cum hac fierent, fratres Sinderammus [et] Hugo ordinis predicatorum; frater Henricus et frater Wernerus ordinis fratrum minorum; fratres domus s. Marie Theutonicorum Andreas commendator, Wernerus marscalcus, Gerardus camerarius, Remboldus et alii quam plures. Actum publice Riga, Dominice incarnationis anno MCCXLI idus aprilis. Insuper jam infeodati Theutonici in eodem castro ab agrorum suorum decimis sint exemti, et insuper fratrum de domo Theutonica agricultura.
Comments: Fr. Sinderammus and
Fr. Hugo of the Friars Preachers in Riga are not known from any other sources. ●
Fr. Henricus was a Friar Preacher of probably German origin, of whom there are
no records before he was appointed bishop of Ösel-Wiek by Legate William of
Modena in 1234. He remained in office until 1260. ● The bishopric of
Ösel-Wiek, based around the island of Saarema (Ösel) and the north-westernmost
corner of Estonia, was segregated into a missionary diocese in 1228 to comply
with a wish of King Heinrich VII of the Holy Roman Empire, placed directly
under the papacy, until transferred to the new church province of Riga in 1255.
It was
soon abandoned by its first
Cistercian bishop, Gottfried, in 1229, and after five years of vacancy, his
Dominican successor was appointed by Legate William. ● Watland, Neva,
Ingria and Karelia were all tribal districts located a long way east of the
bishopric, around Neva Bay in the innermost part of the Gulf of Finland, and
thus separated from Ösel-Wiek by the (Danish-administered) diocese of Tallinn. ●
To
which extent Bishop Henricus may have used his own Dominican brethren based in
Tallinn and/or Riga to comply with these missionary tasks is unknown, but he
must have been inclined to, partly due to his own orderly affiliation, partly
since alternative options were extremely scarce.
Published:
Liv-,
Est- und Kurländisches Urkundenbuch 1. ser. vol. III no.
169 a (col. 33-34).
Rome |
Convent of Nidaros |
Pope Gregory IX charges the prior of the Friars
Preachers in Nidaros together with the abbots of Tuterø and Nidarholm to
investigate the claimed miracles taking place after the death of Archbishop
Øystein of Nidaros.
Source: Transcript in
Regesta Vaticana. Vatican Archives, Rome.
Language: Latin.
Gregorius episcopus etc. .... abbati Tautrensi,
Cisterciensis, et … Holmensi sancti Benedicti, Nidrosiensis diocesis, et
fratrum predicatorum Nidrosiensis ordinum prioribus. Ut corda fidelium in sui
amorem rex celestis accendat, et incredulos convertat ad fidem, sanctos suos
miraculis magnificat gloriosis, devotiores enim fideles ipsi redduntur
altissimo, dum vident electos ipsius post exitum hujus vite felicem virtutibus
corruscare, ac reliqui eum sequi desiderant, cum se sequentibus eterna premia
largiatur. Sane dignas domino referimus gratias, quod sicut venerabiles fratres
… Nidrosiensis archiepiscopus et ejus suffraganei, ac carissimus in Christo
filius noster … Norwagie rex illustris suis nobis litteris intimarunt,
recolende memorie Augustinum, Nidrosiensem archiepiscopum, cum pie vixisset in
hoc seculo, viam salutis docendo verbis pariter et exemplis, tandem presentis
vite cursu feliciter consumato, multis miraculis omnipotens decoravit. Unde,
cum non deceat eum apud homines sine veneratione relinqui, quem merita et
miracula sanctum ostendunt, nobis humiliter supplicarunt, ut ipsum ascribere
sanc torum cathalogo
curaremus. Quia vero nobis non constitit de predictis, discretioni vestre, de
qua plenam in domino fiduciam gerimus, per apostolica scripta mandamus,
quatinus de vita et miraculis ipsius diligenter ac sollicite inquirentes, que
inveneritis nobis per vestras litteras fideliter intimetis. Quod si non omnes etc. Datum Laterani XII kal. Maii,
anno XV.
Comments: All places for the names of the charged commissioners are left
blank in the register; the abbot of Nidarholm at this time was called Bjørn. ●
The monasteries of Tuterø and Nidarholm (Holm) were Cistercian and Benedictine
repsectively. ● Øystein Erlendsson (Augustinus
Nidrosiensis) was archbishop of Nidaros from 1158-59 till his death in
1188. He was declared saint by the bishops of Norway in 1229, and a minor cult
was celebrated around his grave in Nidaros. ● This first papal commission
to investigate the sainthood of Archbishop Øystein apparently did not come to
any conclusion, as four subsequent commissions were appointed in 1246, 1251,
1255 and 1268; the one in 1251 also had Dominican appointees. All
commissional appointments remained futile and no further attempts of gaining
papal canonization were made.
Published: Diplomatarium Norvegicum vol. I no. 23.
Paris |
Province
of Dacia |
The general chapter of the Friars Preachers grants the provinces of Polonia, Dacia, Terra
sancta and Grecia the same electoral rights as the other eight provinces in the
election of masters general, which means that they may each
send their prior provincial and two diffinitors to the electoral chapters.
Source: Acta capitulorum generalium OP.
Language: Latin.
In nomine patris et filii et spiritus sancti, amen. Acta capituli generalis Parisius celebrati anno Domini MCCXLI.
Confirmamus hanc constitutionem (…). Item hanc ut ∙iiiior∙ provincie scilicet Polonia, Dacia, Jherosolimitana, Grecia aliis provinciis in omnibus adequentur tam in duobus electoribus magistri ordinis quam in habenda potestate, quam habent priores provinciales, magistro ordinis mortuo vel amoto. Ubicumque ergo in constitutionibus fit mentio de octo provinciis, ponatur ∙xii∙. Et hec habet ∙iii∙ capitula. (…)
Dansk oversættelse:
I Faderens og Sønnens og Helligåndens navn, amen. Akterne af
generalkapitlet afholdt i Paris i det Herrens år 1241.
Vi vedtager følgende konstitutioner: (…) Ligeledes at disse fire provinser, nemlig Polonia, Dacia, Jerusalem [og] Grecia skal stilles lige med andre provinser i alle forhold såvel med hensyn til de to, der skal foretage valg af mester, som med hensyn til den magt, som provincialpriorerne har, når ordensmesteren er død eller afsat. Hvorend der i konstitutionerne omtales “otte provinser” indsættes [nu i stedet] “tolv”. Og dette har tre kapitler [vedtaget]. (…)
Comments: The act is undated,
but the chapter was usually held at Pentecost. ● The four ‘new provinces’ had until then only been
allowed to send one diffinitor along with the prior provincial to the electoral
chapters. ● The general chapter of 1241 also had the second reading of the
decision to add Dacia to the ‘Parisian group’ of provinces to be informed of
the death of masters general (see 1242 8/6).
Published:
Monumenta Ordinis Fratrum
Praedicatorum Historica vol. III, p. 18.
Literature:
Galbraith 1925, 93; Gallén 1946, 13.
The above-mentioned change has its first reading
at the general chapter.
Source: Acta capitulorum
generalium OP.
Language: Latin.
Hec sunt acta
capituli generalis Parisius celebrati anno Domini MCCXXXIX. (…) Inchoamus has
constitutiones. Statuimus ut ∙iiiior∙ provincie Polonia,
Dacia, Syria, Grecia aliis provinciis per omnia adequentur tam in duobus
electoribus magistri quam in potestate quam habent priores provinciales
magistro ordinis mortuo vel amoto. (…)
Published: Monumenta Ordinis Fratrum
Praedicatorum Historica vol. III, p. 11;
Diplomatarium Danicum
1. ser. vol. VII no. 37.
The above-mentioned change has its second
reading at the general chapter.
Source: Acta capitulorum
generalium OP.
Language: Latin.
In nomine patris et filii et spiritus sancti, amen. Acta capituli
generalis Bononie celebrati anno Domini MCCXL. (…) Item, approbamus ut ∙iiiior∙ provincie
videlicet Polonia, Dacia, Jerosolimitana, Grecia aliis octo provinciis per
omnia adequentur tam in duobus electoribus magistri; quam in habenda potestate
quam habent priores provinciales magistro ordinis mortuo vel amoto. Et hec
habet ∙ii∙ capitula. (…)
Published: Monumenta Ordinis Fratrum
Praedicatorum Historica vol. III, p. 14;
Diplomatarium Danicum
1. ser. vol. VII no. 66.
Rome |
Province of Dacia |
Pope Gregory
IX instates the Benedictine abbot of Bergen and the Dominican prior provincial
of Dacia to investigate and evaluate the succesional right of King Håkon
Håkonsson to the Norwegian throne.
Source: Transcript in Regesta
Vaticana. Vatican Archives, Rome.
Language: Latin.
Gregorius episcopus etc. … abbati sancti
Michaelis ordinis S. Benedicti Bergensis diocesis, et … priori provinciali
fratrum predicatorum Norwagie. Venerabiles fratres nostri … archiepiscopus
Nidrosiensis et eius suffraganei per suas litteras nobis humiliter
supplicarunt, ut cum carissimus in Christo filius noster H. Norwagie rex
illustris recolende memorie … patri suo, cuius erat filius naturalis,
deficientibus legitimis aliisque propinquis consanguineis, qui possint de iure
succedere ipsi patri, secundum legem et consuetudinem patrie in regno succedat,
sibi quod non obstante defectu natalium inungi et coronari possit in regem,
presertim cum nulli subsit principi seculari, concedere curaremus. Licet igitur
regem ipsum tamquam catholicum principem et apostolice sedi devotum specialis
dilectionis prosequamur affectu, et eius honori quantum cum deo possumus
intendamus, quia tamen in tanto negotio non est leviter procedendum, nos de
circumspectione vestra plenam in domino fiduciam obtinentes mandamus, quatinus
inquisita super premissis diligentius veritate, que inveniretis nobis per
vestras litteras et sollempnes nuntios fideliter intimetis, ut ex relatione
vestra instructi securius in ipso negotio, auctore domino, procedamus. Datum Laterani .VIII. Id. Julii anno
XV.
Comments: The bull is addressed to “the prior provincial of the Friars
Preachers in Norway”, who was, of course, the provincial of the entire province
of Dacia. · In the Vatican
register, both the Benedictine abbot and the Dominican prior provincial are
unnamed, and whereas the abbot can be identified with a Fr. Sigurd (Sigurdus),
it is uncertain who the provincial of Dacia actually was at the time in
question. The bull may have been sent during a provincial ‘interregnum’,
between the absolution of Fr. Analdus at the general chapter around Pentecost
and the election of his successor Fr. Absalon at the provincial chapter in the
late summer, a substitution that either took place in 1240 or 1241. · Furthermore, it is
uncertain whether the task was ever implemented. King Håkon had held the throne
since 1217, but as an illegitimate child of his royal father, his claim was
constantly challenged, and he therefore on several occasions asked the Church
for its approval and an ecclesiastical coronation. This did not come, however,
until 1247, and the investigation initiated by Pope Gregory in July 1241 may
have stopped with the pope’s death in August that same year.
Published: Diplomatarium Norvegicum vol. I no. 25.
Bologna |
Province
of Dacia |
The general chapter of the Friars Preachers adds to the existing constitutions
that when a master general dies, it is now also the obligation of the prior of
the convent in Paris to inform the province of Dacia, whereas the prior in
Bologna is to inform the provinces of Polonia, Terra sancta and Grecia.
Source: Acta capitulorum generalium OP.
Language: Latin.
In nomine patris et filii et spiritus sancti, amen. Acta capituli generalis Bononie celebrati anno Domini MCCXLII.
(…) Item, confirmamus has constitutiones. Ubi dicitur de annunciatione mortis magistri, addatur, quod domus Parisiensis anunciet provincie Dacie; Bononiensis vero Polonie, Terre sancte, Grecie, et illud deleatur de constitutionibus et aliis quibus poterit anunciare. Et hec habet ∙iii∙ capitula. (…)
Dansk oversættelse:
I Faderens og Sønnens og Helligåndens navn, amen. Akterne af
generalkapitlet afholdt i Bologna i det Herrens år 1242.
(…) Fremdeles, vi vedtager følgende konstitutioner: Hvor det gælder forkyndelsen af døde [general]magistre, tilføjes huset i Paris forkyndelsen til provinsen Dacia, men Bologna [tilføjes] Polonia, Det Hellige Land og Grecia, og dette annullerer konstitutioner og andet der vedrører forkyndelsen. Og dette har tre kapitler [vedtaget]. (…)
Published:
Monumenta Ordinis Fratrum
Praedicatorum Historica vol. III, p. 21; Diplomatarium Danicum
1. ser. vol. VII no. 105.
The above-mentioned change has its first
reading at the general chapter.
Source: Acta capitulorum
generalium OP.
Language: Latin.
In nomine patris et filii et spiritus sancti, amen. Acta capituli
generalis Bononie celebrati anno Domini MCCXL. (…) Approbamus hanc constitutionem.
(…) Item, ubi dicitur de annunciatione mortis magistri, addatur quod domus
Parisiensis annunciet provincie Dacie, Bononiensis vero Polonie, Terre sancte,
Grecie, et deleatur de constitutionibus illud aliis quibus poterit. (…)
Published: Monumenta Ordinis Fratrum
Praedicatorum Historica vol. III, p. 13;
Diplomatarium Danicum
1. ser. vol. VII no. 66.
The above-mentioned change has its second reading
at the general chapter.
Source: Acta capitulorum
generalium OP.
Language: Latin.
In nomine patris et filii et
spiritus sancti, amen. Acta capituli generalis Parisius celebrati anno Domini
MCCXLI. (…) …
Item, ubi dicitur de
annunciatione mortis magistri, addatur, quod domus Parisiensis annunciet
provincie Dacie; Bononiensis vero Polonie, Terre sancte, Grecie, et deleatur
illud de constitutionibus et aliis quibus poterit. Et hec habet ∙ii∙
capitula. (…)
Published: Monumenta Ordinis Fratrum
Praedicatorum Historica vol. III, p. 19;
Diplomatarium Danicum
1. ser. vol. VII no. 92.
Convents
of Helsingør and Næstved |
Convents
of Friars Preachers are founded in Helsingør and Næstved.
Source: Pontoppidan’s Annales ecclesiæ Danicæ.
Language: German.
Anno 1242. (…) Um diese Zeit wurden zu Helsingöer und Nestved 2. Dominicaner oder Schwartz-Brüder-Klöster gestiftet.
Dansk oversættelse:
År 1242. (…) Omkring denne tid blev der stiftet to dominikaner- eller sortebrødreklostre i Helsingør og Næstved.
Comments: It is unknown from
where the eighteenth-century chronicler, Erich Pontoppidan, has his datings,
but in all cases concerning Dominican convent foundations, they differ from
preserved medieval sources. ● While Friars Preachers are otherwise not
recorded in Helsingør until 1425,
with a formal convent foundation in 1441 3/3,
the first certain reference to Dominican presence in Næstved is from 1277,
with a possible preceding record in 1266 Apr-Aug.
● In the case of Næstved, an initial foundation around 1242 is not
completely unthinkable, as the Friars Minor are known to have received a friary
site in the town around 1240, but were kept from using it by the Benedictine
town lords in Skovkloster until 1270. A similar process for the Friars
Preachers may explain why no Dominican convent apparently existed in Næstved in
1254
8/9 and 1261 22/3.
Published:
Annales
ecclesiæ Danicæ vol. I, p. 656.
Bologna |
Province
of Dacia |
The
general chapter of the Friars Preachers concedes to the foundation of three convents
in the province of Lombardia, two in Teutonia and one in Dacia.
Source: Acta capitulorum generalium OP.
Language: Latin.
In nomine patris et filii et spiritus sancti, amen. Acta capituli generalis Bononie celebrati anno Domini MCCXLIII. (…) Concedimus ·iii· domos provinciae Lombardie, Theutonie ·ii·, Dacie ·i·. (…)
Dansk oversættelse:
I Faderens,
Sønnens og Helligåndens navn, amen. Akter af generalkapitlet afholdt i Bologna i det Herrens år
1243. (…) Vi tilstår tre huse til provinsen Lombardia, Teutonia to [og] Dacia
ét. (…)
Comments: The act is undated,
but the chapter was usually held at Pentecost. ● It is not possible to
identify the concrete convent foundation in question for Dacia. Most likely
candidates are Visby (before 1243), Kalmar (1243), Lödöse (1243)
and Västerås (1244).
Published:
Monumenta Ordinis Fratrum
Praedicatorum Historica vol. III, p. 30; Diplomatarium Danicum 1. ser. vol. VII no. 159.
Anagni |
Provinces
of Dacia and Teutonia, Convent of Visby |
Pope Innocent IV enjoins the prior provincials
of Dacia and Teutonia, along with the prior and brethren of the Friars
Preachers in Visby specifically, to preach the crusade to Livonia and Prussia
on behalf of the Teutonic Order on Gotland. The crusaders and their families
are promised papal and ecclesiastical protection; those who due to illness or
poverty cannot fulfill their vows are to be redeemed in return for material
help for the crusade handed over to the friars; people who support the crusade
financially or pay for others’ participation are given remission and privileges
similar to those given for the actual crusaders, and similar to those given for
the crusade to The Holy Land; 20 days of indulgence are given to anyone
listening to the crusade sermons of the friars; and full absolution are offered
to people excommunicated for arson or violence against priests, if they take
the Cross and if they beforehand have paid full compensation, and their crime
does not demand a pilgrimage to Rome.
Sources: A. Transcript in Regesta Vaticana. Vatican
Archives, Rome. B.
Transcripts in Örnhielm’s Bullarium and Peringskiöld’s
Bullarium. The Swedish National Archives, Stockholm.
Language: Latin.
A:
Priori provinciali
fratrum ordinis predicatorum in Alemannia. Qui justis causis hominum
promovendis promptum favorem impendimus, tanto libentius vigilanti cura
prosequi pia debemus negotia Jhesu Christi, quanto Deus homini preferendus esse
dinoscitur, et omnis sibi deberi reverentia comprobatur. Igitur cum, sicut
relatu fidedignorum percepimus exultantes; conditor omnium in Livonie ac
Pruscie partibus dilectorum filiorum fratrum hospitalis sancte Marie
Teutonicorum Jerosolimitani ac aliorum fidelium triumphanti dextera faciente
sit multipliciter exaltatus; et spes sit, quod ibidem magis ac magis sui
nominis gloria protendatur, si plantationi sue partium earumdem favorem, quem
in ipso possumus, impendentes, oportunum illi per devotos ecclesie subsidium
procuremus, devotionem tuam rogamus et hortamur in domino per apostolica tibi
scripta mandantes ac in remissionem peccaminum injungentes, quantinus priores
et fratres tui ordinis constitutos in Madeburgensi et Bremensi provinciis,
Ratisponensi, Pataviensi, Alberstatensi, Ildesemensi et Verdensi diocesibus
huiusmodi negotio quaque postposita difficultate deputare studeas et eosdem
attentius exhortari, quod assumpto sancte predicationis officio propter deum
fideles dictarum provinciarum et diocesium ad nimiam caritatem, qua Christus
nos dilexit et diligit, respectum habere et ei retribuere aliquid pro omnibus,
que tribuit ipse illis, piis exhortationibus secundum datam sibi a deo
prudentiam studeant informare diligenter et sollicite, petituri, ut ipsi
redempti pretio glorioso, in quos tamquam viros christianos et catholicos
cadere opprobria exprobrantium Christo debent, se viriliter et potenter
accingant tamquam zelum dei habentes ad ampliandam gloriam crucifixi et
liberandum proximos de manibus paganorum, profecturi et acturi secundum fratrum
consilia predictorum, ita quod et ipsis premium debeatur eternum, et infideles
non possint quod impune Christi nomen impugnaverint, gloriari. Illos
vero de provinciis et diocesibus memoratis, qui crucis signaculo in Livonie seu
Pruscie subsidium insigniti propter paupertatem seu debilitatem illuc nequeunt
personaliter proficisci, a voto crucis absolvant, dummodo de bonis suis juxta
proprias facultates congruam subventionem exhibeant per manus eorumdem fratrum
in idem subsidium convertendam. Nos enim, ut, quod pro nomine redemptoris tam
digne deposcitur, effectu facili compleatur, omnes dictarum provinciarum et
diocesium in succursum eorumdem fidelium suscepto propter hoc crucis signaculo
processuros necnon eorum familiam et bona omnia, donec de ipsorum reditu vel
obitu certissime cognoscatur, sub protectione ac defensione sedis apostolice
admittentes illis ac aliis, qui juxta facultatem et qualitatem suam illuc
bellatores idoneos in expensis propriis duxerint destinandos, necnon qui ad
subventionem dictarum Livonie vel Pruscie de bonis propriis congrue
ministrarunt, vel qui in alienis expensis illuc accesserint, ibidem ad minus
per unius anni spatium servituri, juxta quantitatem subsidii et devotionis
affectum illam indulgentiam idemque privilegium elargimur, que transeuntibus et
subvenientibus in Terre Sancte subsidium conceduntur. Preterea, ut
prefatum negotium, quo pluribus contingit juvari remediis, prosperitatis optate
suscipiat incrementum, prioribus et fratribus per te supradicto negotio
deputandis presentium auctoritate concedimus, quod illis earumdem provinciarum
et diocesium, qui ad eorum sollempnem predicationem accesserint, viginti dies
de injuncta penitentia relaxare ac eorum singulis illuc sumpto propter hoc
crucis caractere processuris, qui pro incendiis et injectione manuum in
clericos vel alias religiosas personas excommunicationis laqueum incurrerunt,
absolutionis beneficium juxta formam ecclesie valeant impertiri, proviso ut
passis dampna et injurias satisfaciant competenter, illis dumtaxat exceptis,
quorum excessus adeo sunt difficiles et enormes, quod merito sint ad sedem
apostolicam destinandi. Datum Anagnie ∙ix∙ kalendas
octobris anno primo.
In eundem modem..priori provinciali fratrum
ordinis predicatorum in Dacia per regna Dacia, Svecie et Norweie...
Dansk oversættelse:
Til provincialprioren for prædikebrødrenes orden i Tyskland. Vi,
som redebont yder støtte til at befordre menneskenes retfærdige sager, bør med
årvågen omsorg fremme Jesu Kristi fromme anliggender ligeså meget mere villigt,
som Gud vides at stå over mennesket, og al ærefrygt beviseligt skyldes Ham. Da
altså alles skaber, efter hvad vi med jubel har set af troværdiges
indberetning, er blevet ophøjet på mangfoldig vis i Livlands og Preussens egne
ved vore elskede sønner, brødrene af de Tyskes Skt. Mariahospital i Jerusalems
og andre troendes triumferende højre hånd, og der er håb om, at Hans herlige
navn kan udbredes mere og mere dersteds, hvis vi bringer Hans udplantning i
samme lande den støtte, vi kan i Ham, og skaffer den behørig undsætning gennem
dem, der er Kirken hengivne, beder og opfordrer vi i Herren dig, hengivne søn,
idet vi ved denne vor apostoliske skrivelse befaler og pålægger dig til
syndernes forladelse, at du ivrigt arbejder på med tilsidesættelse af alle
vanskeligheder til denne sag at udpege priorer og brødre af din orden i
kirkeprovinserne Magdeburg og Bremen og i stifterne Regensburg, Passau,
Halberstadt, Hildesheim og Verden og indtrængende maner til dem, at de for Guds
skyld påtager sig det hellige prædikehverv og i fromhed maner og i
overensstemmelse med den af Gud givne klogskab ivrigt arbejder på omhyggeligt
og omsorgsfuldt at fortælle de troende i nævnte kirkeprovinser og stifter, at
de med den overvættes kærlighed for øje, hvormed Kristus har elsket og elsker
os, skal yde Ham noget til gengæld for alt det, som Han har ydet dem, og beder
om, at disse, der er genløst for den herlige pris og som kristne og rettroende
mænd rammes af forhånelserne fra dem, der bespotter Kristus, mandigt og mægtigt
væbner sig af nidkærhed for Gud og for at udbrede den Korsfæstedes herlighed og
befri dem, der bor nærmest, fra hedningenes hånd, idet de drager ud og handler
i overensstemmelse med fornævnte brødres råd, således at der på én gang
tilkommer dem en evig løn, og de vantro ikke kan bryste sig af, at de anfalder
kristenheden uden at lide straf. Men de folk fra omtalte kirkeprovinser og
stifter, der skønt prydet med korsets tegn til undsætning for Livland eller
Preussen ikke personligt kan drage derhen på grund af fattigdom eller svaghed,
skal frigøres for korsløftet, når blot de af deres gods udreder en
understøttelse, der stemmer med deres midler, og denne skal ved samme brødres
hånd anvendes til nævnte undsætning. Thi vi tager, for at det, som på så værdig
en måde fordres i Genløserens navn, med lethed kan iværksættes og opfyldes,
alle fra nævnte kirkeprovinser og stifter, der vil drage ud for at bistå samme
troende efter at have taget korsets tegn på grund heraf, og desuden deres
undergivne og alt deres gods under det apostoliske sædes beskyttelse og
forsvar, indtil der haves fuldstændig sikre efterretninger om deres
tilbagekomst eller død, og skænker gavmildt dem og andre, som i
overensstemmelse med deres midler og stilling mener at burde sende hertil
skikkede krigere derhen på egen bekostning, og ligeså dem, som giver en
passende del af deres gods til understøttelse for nævnte Livland eller
Preussen, og dem, som drager derhen på fremmed bekostning for at tjene der i
det mindste i ét år, i henhold til undersætningens størrelse og den hengivne
følelse af samme aflad og samme privilegium, som bevilges dem, der drager
afsted for at hjælpe og undsætte Det Hellige Land. Endvidere bevilger vi, for
at fornævnte sag, jo flere veje, der benyttes for at fremme den, kan vokse og
styrkes så heldigt, som vi ønsker det, ved dette brevs myndighed de priorer og
brødre, der skal udpeges af dig til ovennævnte, at de må eftergive dem fra
samme kirkeprovinser og stifter, som kommer til deres højtidelige prædiken, 20
dage af den dem pålagte kirkebod og i overensstemmelse med Kirkens regler
tildele dem befordrende syndsforladelse til hver enkelt af dem, der vil drage
derhen efter at have taget korsets mærke på grund heraf, og som har pådraget
sig bandlysningens dom på grund af brandstiftelse og håndspålæggelse mod
gejstlige eller andre fromme personer, forudsat at de yder dem, der har lidt
skade og uret, erstatning på passende måde, dog med undtagelse af dem, hvis
forseelser er i den grad særegne og grove, at de med rette bør sendes til det
apostoliske sæde. Givet i Anagni den 23. september i vort første år.
Et ligelydende brev er
skrevet til provincialprioren for prædikebrødrenes orden i Dacia for rigerne
Danmark, Sverige og Norge.
B:
Innocentius papa ∙iv∙. Priori ac fratribus ordinis
predicatorum de Wisbu Lingacopensis diocesis per Gothlandiam. Qui
justis causis (…) quatenus in Wisbu Lingacopensis diocesis et per Gothlandiam
assumpto sancte predicationis officio propter Deum fideles constitutos in illis
ad nimiam charitatem (…). Datum
Anagnie ∙ix∙ calendas octobris
anno primo.
Comments: Identical bulls for specific convents similar to B were issued
on the same day to various priors and convents in German, Bohemian and Polish
dioceses. ● On Dominican preaching in Dacia in favour of the Baltic
crusade, see 1232. ● Source B is the first
certain evidence of a Dominican convent in Visby. For possible earlier
reference, see 1230. ● Bulls almost
identical to A were issued by Pope Alexander IV in 1256 11/3 and 1257 7/8.
Published: A. Bullarium
Danicum no. 310; Diplomatarium Danicum 1. ser. vol. VII no. 112. B. Diplomatarium Suecanum
vol. I no. 307; Liv-, Est- und Kurländisches Urkundenbuch
1. ser. vol. I no. 174.
Rome |
Convent
of Lund |
Pope
Innocent IV enjoins Fr. Petrus, prior of the Friars Preachers in Lund, to hand
over collected money received as redemption from people in Denmark in support
for the crusade to the Holy Land to the papal chaplain Giovanni of Piacenza,
whom the prior is furthermore instructed to assist in his work.
Source: Original document. The Swedish National
Archives, Stockholm
Language: Latin.
Innocentius episcopus servus servorum Dei,
dilecto filio fratri Petro priori domus fratrum predicatorum Lundensium,
salutem et apostolicam benedictionem. Cum in regno Danorum auctoritate pie
memorie G. pape predecessorius nostri, de redemptione votorum crucesignatorum
eiusdem regni pro subsidio Terre Sancte, receperis sicut pro certo didicimus
quandam jam nobis expressam pecunie quantitatem; devotioni tue presentium
auctoritate mandamus atque precipimus, quatinus pecuniam ipsam dilecto filio
magistro Johanni de Placentia acolito et capellano nostro quem pro hiis et
aliis apostolice sedis et Terre Sancte negotiis ad partes illas duximus
destinandum, non differas assignare, ac in eisdem negotiis pro reverentia beati
Petri et nostra ipsi prudenter assistens, illud sibi per te ac fratres ordinis
tui exhibeas consilium, auxilium et favorem, quod nos tue sinceritatis affectum
de qua in Domino plene confidimus, propter hoc commendare merito valeamus nobis
quamcito poteris rescripturus, quid et quantum per te ipsi fuerit assignatum. Datum
Laterani ∙ii∙ kalendas
januarii pontificatus nostri anno primo.
Comments: On the back of the
document is written: Priori fratrum predicatorum Lundensium.
●
Fr. Petrus, prior of the Friars Preachers in Lund, is not known with certainty
from other sources, but he may be identical to the Fr. Petrus of the convent in
Lund, who according to the necrology of the cathedral chapter in Lund died on
28 July in the period 1230-1270. ● This is the first extant instance of
the Friars Preachers in the province of Dacia being involved in any way with
the crusade to the Holy Land. The friars of Dacia had been papally enjoined to
preach the Baltic crusade on behalf of the Teutonic Order since 1232 5/2,
but they were not otherwise formally engaged with promoting the crusade to the
Holy Land until the 1260s (see 1262 15/5 and 1265).
Published:
Diplomatarium Suecanum vol. I no. 308; Bullarium Danicum no.
321; Diplomatarium
Danicum 1. ser. vol. VII nr.
122.
Literature:
Jakobsen 2021(a), p. 104.
Convents
of Kalmar and Lödöse |
Convents
of Friars Preachers are established in Lödöse and Kalmar.
Source: Annales Skeningenses.
Language: Latin.
MCCXLIII venit conventus Lodhosiam et Kalmarniam.
Dansk oversættelse:
1243 ankom konventer til Lödöse og Kalmar.
Published:
Danske Samlinger 1.
ser. vol. V, p. 372; Scriptores Rerum Svecicarum vol. III no. 1, p. 4; Annales Suecici,
p. 260; Annales Ordinis Predicatorum Dacie (online).
Order
of Preachers |
Fr.
Johannes Episcopus, master general of the Order of Preachers, ordains Adolf,
former count of Holstein, to the rank of deacon, before he is later ordained
priest by Bishop Johannes of Lübeck and admitted to the convent of Friars Minor
in Hamburg.
Sources: A. Annales Stadenses.
B. Annales
Hamburgenses.
Language: Latin.
A:
Anno Domini 1244. (…) Frater
Adolfus, olim comes Holtzatie, sedem adiit apostolicam pro dispensatione, quia
ordines ardentissimo desiderio affectabat, et rediens dispensationem largam cum
tali littera reportavit: Universis presents litteras inspecturis frater
Reynardus et frater Gherardus, domini pape poenitentiarii, salutem in Domino. (…)
Datum Lateranum 10. kalendas maii, pontificatus domini Innocentii pape ·iv·
anno primo. Et idem frater Adolfus subdiaconus rediens, a Johanne Episcopo,
ordinis predicatorum magistro, in diaconum, et a Johanne Lubicensi episcopo in
adventu Domini 13. kalendas januarii est in presbiterium ordinatus, qui etiam
in dominica Omnis terra primam missam in Zwentina, loco valde solitario et
fratrum minorum heremitorio, et in Hamborch, ubi comes fuerat, in quadragesima
apud minores fratres die Gregorii celebravit.
B:
Anno 1244. Frater Adolfus, olim comes, sedem adiit apostolicam pro dispensatione, et rediens subdiaconus, a Johanne Episcopo, magistro ordinis predicatorum, in diaconum, et a Johanne Lubicensi episcopo est in presbyterium ordinatus, et in Hamborg, missam apud minores fratres die Gregorii celebravit.
Comments: The date of Adolf’s ordination as deacon is not stated, but it
must have taken place between the issue of the apostolic dispensation in Rome
on 22 April 1244 and his ordination as priest in Lübeck on 20 December. His
meeting with the Dominican master general either happened in Rome or rather,
according to the wording of the text, on his way home through Germany. ● Fr. Johannes de Wildeshausen or
‘Johannes Teutonicus’ (†1252), who was master general of the Order of Preachers
in 1241-1252, was also commonly known as ‘Johannes Episcopus’ or ‘frater
magister episcopus’ as he before his election as master general had been bishop
of Bosnia in 1233-1237. It is not known why Master General Johannes ended up ordaining
the former count to the rank of deacon, when the latter already then obviously
wanted to join the Friars Minor, but it may have been done in gratitude for his
foundation of the Dominican convent in Hamburg in 1236. ● Count Adolf IV of Schauenburg-Holstein
(†1261) had been count of Holstein since 1227, when he led a north-German
alliance to victory against King Valdemar II of Denmark at the Battle of
Bornhöved; by doing so, he regained the county lost by his father, Adolf III,
to the Danish king in 1203. During the battle, he allegedly swore an oath that
he would join the Friars Minor if God would let him win, and he fulfilled the
promise in 1239, when he entered the Franciscan convent in Hamburg, founded by
himself in 1231. For a time he continued governing as a ‘Franciscan count’,
founding yet another friary in 1242 in Kiel, a young town he had established in
1235, but he obviously also was favourable towards the Friars Preachers, as he
around 1236 gave the former comital residence Alsterburg to the foundation of a
Dominican priory in Hamburg. Adolf appears to have stepped down as count in
1243-44, leaving his two young sons in the custody of Duke Abel of Schleswig
(who also happened to be Adolf’s son-in-law, see 1250), while he
himself went to Rome to get the pope’s permission to become a priest. According
to the Annales Stadenses, he then
made a quick ecclesiastical career, returning from Rome with the rank of
subdeacon, promoted to deacon shortly after by the Dominican master general,
and finally ordained to priesthood by the bishop of Lübeck, before becoming a
fully professed Friar Minor on 12 March 1245. From 1246 onwards, Fr. Adolphus
OFM lived with the convent in Kiel until his death in 1261. ● Bishop
Johannes I of Lübeck held the episcopal office from 1230-31 to 1247.
Published:
A. Monumenta Germaniae Historica
(Scriptores) vol. XVI, pp. 368-369. B. Scriptores Rerum Danicarum vol.
I, pp. 208-209.
Convent of Västerås |
A
convent of Friars Preachers is established in Västerås.
Source: Annales
Skeningenses.
Language: Latin.
MCCXLIIII (…) et
venit conventus Arosiam.
Dansk oversættelse:
1244 (…) og et konvent ankom til Västerås.
Comments: According to a later source, the so-called ‘Episcopal
Chronicle of Västerås’, allegedly compiled and written by Peder Svart in the
years of the Reformation, the convent of Friars Preachers in Västerås was
founded during the episcopacy of the ninth bishop of Västerås: “Bengt, son of Germund, the justiciary of
Attundaland, founded the Dominican priory on a site in Västerås, which had been
donated to the bishop and the cathedral chapter by Knut Långe in 1231, and here
the Friars Preachers have remained almost until this day.”. As credible as
the entry at first may seem, along with most other entries in the chronicle,
the entire source has been proved to be a complete fraud authored by a local
vicar, Nils Rabenius, in the early eighteenth century. Even the identity of the
bishop is fabricated, as no Bengt Germundsson has ever held the episcopal
office in Västerås; the bishop of Västerås at the time was Magnus (1233-1258)
(Kumlien 1971, 40-47).
Published:
Danske Samlinger 1.
ser. vol. V, p. 372; Scriptores Rerum Svecicarum vol. III no. 1, p. 4; Annales Suecici,
p. 260; Annales Ordinis Predicatorum Dacie (online).
Lyon |
Province of Dacia |
Pope
Innocent IV charges the archbishop of Uppsala and the prior provincial of the
Friars Preachers in Dacia to receive the resignation of Bishop Thomas of
Finland.
Source: Transcript in Regesta Vaticana. Vatican Archives, Rome.
Language: Latin.
Innocentius episcopus, servus servorum dei, venerabili fratri …. archiepiscopo Upsalensi et dilecto filio …. priori provinciali ordinis fratrum predicatorum in Dacia salutem etc. Thomas, episcopus Fillandie, nobis humiliter supplicavit, ut cum idem quendam fecerit mutilari, qui hujusmodi occasione mortem incurrit, ac quasdam litteras apostolicas presumpserit diabolico instinctu falsare, propter quod non potest licite pastorale officium exercere, cessionem ejusdem recipere curaremus. Nos igitur ipsius saluti providere volentes mandamus, quatenus cessionem eandem vice nostra recipere procuretis. Datum Lugduni VIIII kalendas martii anno secundo.
Dansk oversættelse:
Biskop Innocens, Guds tjeneres tjener hilser sin ærværdige
broder … , ærkebiskop i Uppsala, og sin kære søn … , provincialprior for
prædikebrødrenes orden i Dacia osv. Biskop Thomas af Finland har i ydmyghed
bønfaldet os om, at vi ville sørge for at modtage hans tilbagetræden, da han
har ladet en mand lemlæste, der som følge heraf er afgået ved døden, og har
dristet sig til ved en djævelens indskydelse at forfalske nogle apostoliske
breve, hvorfor han ikke efter loven kan udøve sit pastorale embede. Vi befaler
derfor i ønsket om at drage omsorg for hans frelse, at I sørger for at modtage
denne tilbagetræden på vore vegne. Givet i Lyon den 21. februar i
vort andet år.
Comments: The archbishop of Uppsala at this time was Jarler (1236-1255),
the Dominican prior provincial was Absalon (1241-1261). · Thomas is believed
to be the first bishop of Finland, installed in 1209 (Lindström 1895, 266-267)
or around 1220, although he is not actually accounted for until 1232. According
to the bull he resigned due to misuse of his office, including having a man
tortured with fatal consequences and falsifying papal letters. The
sixteenth-century Chronicon episcoporum
Finlandensium says that he was forced out of office by Russians and
Couronians. The chronicle also knows that before becoming a bishop, the
English-borne Thomas was a canon at the cathedral chapter in Uppsala. · The involvement of
the Dominican prior provincial in the resignation procedure was probably no
coincidence, as Thomas appears to have joined the Order of Preachers
immediately after. Certainly, he left some books for the Dominican convent of
Sigtuna before his death in 1248, and according to the
chronicle he was buried in the chancel of the priory church in Visby.
Although there is no evidence of any Dominican activity in Finland before the
convent foundation in 1249, it is according to Jarl Gallén difficult to explain
the close ties between Thomas and the Friars Preachers in Sigtuna and Visby
from 1245-48 without a preceding contact during his episcopate; most likely,
therefore, Friars Preachers from Sigtuna and Visby were involved with the
missionary work among the Tavastians and the crusade against the Russians
previous to 1249 (Gallén 1946, p. 55).
Published: Diplomatarium
Suecanum vol. I no. 321; Bullarium Danicum no. 348; Finlands Medeltidsurkunder vol. I no. 88; Diplomatarium Danicum 1. ser. vol.
VII no. 166.
Literature: Gallén 1946, pp. 54-55.
(1245)
Pope
Innocent IV also charges the abovementioned archbishop and prior provincial to
make sure that Bishop Thomas is secured financially after his resignation with
revenues from the episcopal estate.
Source: Transcript in Regesta Vaticana. Vatican Archives, Rome.
Language: Latin.
[Innocentius
episcopus, servus servorum dei, venerabili fratri archiepiscopo Upsalensi et
dilecto filio priori prouinciali ordinis fratrum in Dacia salutem etc.]. Ex parte dilecti
filii fratris Thome episcopi Finlandie nobis extitit intimatum, quod cum olim
de mandato eiusdem receperitis cessionem, quia in litteris nostris vobis super
hoc transmissis nulla de ipsius provisione mentio habeatur, vos eius cessione
recepta nullam provisionem assignastis eidem, quare nobis humiliter
supplicavit, ut providere sibi super hoc, ne mendicare cogatur, de benignitate
sedis apostolice curaremus; mandamus quatenus, si est ita, dicto episcopo de
bonis espiscopalibus ecclesie Finlandie provisionem, ex qua possit congrue
sustentari, auctoritate nostra assignare curetis, contra etc.
Comments: The register is undated, but logically it must succeed shortly
after the abovementioned instruction. · Neither is the bull
formally addressed, the register only has jud
(=judicibus), but with great
certainty this points to the executives of the former instruction (FMU vol. I
no. 89).
Published:
Finlands
Medeltidsurkunder vol. I no. 89.
Cologne |
Provinces
of Dacia, Hispania, Provincia and Saxonia |
The
General Chapter of Friars Preachers concedes to the foundation of one convent
in the province of Dacia, three in Provincia, two in Hispania and one in
Saxonia, “if the bishop asks for it and the provincial chapter allows it”.
Source: Acta capitulorum generalium OP.
Language: Latin.
In nomine patris et filii et spiritus sancti, amen. Acta capituli generalis Colonie celebrati anno Domini MCCXLV. (…) Concedimus unam domum in Dacia ∙iii∙ in Provincia ∙ii∙ in Hispania ∙i∙ in Saxonia, si episcopus pecierit, et capitulum provinciale concesserit. (…)
Dansk oversættelse:
I Herrens, Sønnens og Helligåndens navn, amen. Akterne af
generalkapitlet afholdt i Köln i det Herrens år 1245. (...) Vi bevilger ét hus
i Dacia, tre i Provincia, to i Hispania, ét i Saxonia, hvis bispen beder om det
og provincialkapitlet tillader det. (...)
Comments: It is not possible to identify the concrete convent foundation
in question for Dacia. Most likely candidates are Västerås (1244), Bergen (c.1245), Reval (1245-46), and Åbo
(1249).
Published: Monumenta Ordinis Fratrum
Praedicatorum Historica vol. III, 33; Diplomatarium
Danicum 1. ser. vol. VII no. 197.
Lyon |
Province of Dacia |
Pope Innocent IV instructs the secular and
regular prelates of Denmark, Sweden and Norway to help protect the privileges of
the Friars Preachers against the secular clergy, who injures them in various
ways. Amongst other things, the friars are allegedly denied the right to hear
confessions, to celebrate Holy Communion and to bury their own brethren, they
are forced to accept episcopal jurisdiction and their benefactors are
excommunicated without reason.
Source: Transcript in
Regesta Vaticana. Vatican Archives, Rome.
Language: Latin.
Innocentius episcopus etc. Archiepiscopis et
episcopis, et abbatibus, prioribus, prepositis, et aliis ecclesiarum prelatis
per regnum Sicilie constitutis. Nimis iniqua vicissitudine largotori bonorum
omnium respondetur, dum hii qui de Christi patrimonio inpingvati luxuriant
dampnabiliter in eodem, Christum patenter in famulis suis persequi non verentur,
ac si factus sit impotens dominus ultionum. Cum enim dilecti filii fratres
predicatores abnegantes salubriter semetipsos elegerint in altissima paupertate
Christo pauperi ad placitum famulari tanquam nichil habentes et omnia
possidentes, non desunt plerique tam ecclesiarum prelati quam alii qui ceca
cupiditate traducti proprie aviditati subtrahi reputantes, quicquid predictis
fratribus fidelium pietas elargitur, quietem ipsorum multipliciter inquietant,
molestiarum occasiones exquirentes varias contra ipsos. Volunt namque etsi non
omnes ipsis invitis eorum confessiones audire ac eis injungere penitentias et
eucharistiam exhibere, nec volunt ut corpus Christi in eorum oratoriis
reserveter, et fratres ipsorum defunctos apud ecclesias suas sepeliri compellunt;
et illorum exequias celebrari. Et si quis decedentium fratrum alibi quam in
ecclesiis suis eligit sepulturam, funus primo ad ecclesias suas deferri cogunt,
ut oblatio suis usibus cedat, nec sustinentes eos habere campanam vel
cimiterium benedictum, certis tantum temporibus permittunt ipsos celebrare
divina. Volunt etiam in domibus eorundem certum numerum fratrum sacerdotum
clericorum et laicorum necnon cereorum, lampadarum et ornamentorum pro sua
voluntate taxare, ac residuum cereorum quando nouiter apponuntur exigunt ab
eisdem, nec permittunt ut novi sacerdotes eorum alibi quam in ecclesiis suis
celebrent primas missas, eos nichilominus compellentes, ut in cotidianis missis
quas in suis locis et altaribus celebrant, oblationes ad opus eorum recipiant
et reservent. Quicquid etiam eis dum celebrant missarum sollempnia intra
domorum suarum ambitum pia fidelium devotione donatur, ab ipsis extorquere
oblationis nomine contendentes, quod eisdem tam in ornamentis altaris quam in
libris ecclesiaticis absolute confertur, vendicant perperam juri suo cogendo eo
ad sinodos suas accedere ac suis constitutionibus subiacere; nec hiis contenti,
capitula et scrutinia in locis fratrum pro hiis corrigendis facturos se
comminantur fidelitatem juramento firmatam ab eorum prioribus exigentes, eis
quoque ut tam extra civitates quam intra cum eis processionaliter veniant ex
levi causa mandantes excommunicationis sententiam fulminant in benefactores
eorum, et id ipsum fratribus comminantes, eos de locis in quibus domino famulantur
satagunt amovere; nisi eis obediant in omnibus supradictis. Ad hec ne fratres
ad honorabiles civitates et villas ubi religiose ac honeste valeant commorari a
populis devote vocati accedere audeant inhibentes, tam in accedentes fratres
quam in receptatores eorum presumunt excommunicationis sententiam promulgare.
Ab eis etiam de ortorum fructibus decimas, necnon de habitaculis fratrum sicut
de Judeorum domibus contendunt redditus extorquere, asserendo quod nis fratres
morarentur ibidem, eis ab aliis habitatoribus proventus aliqui solverentur. Et
ut ipsos subdant sue totaliter ditioni, eisdem priores volunt preficere pro sue
arbitrio volantatis. A quibus omnibus fratrum molestiis nec vos omnes omnino ut
dictur abstinetis. Cum igitur ordo predictorum fratrum a bone memorie Honorio
et Gregorio predecessoribus nostris et nobis ipsis dignis eorum sit exigentibus
meritis approbatus, ne apostolice sedis statuta que humiliter suscipere ac
reverenter servare tenemini contempnere videamini, universitatem vestram monemus
attente, firmiter precipiendo mandantes quatinus conscientie ac fame vestre
salubriter consulentes, universi et singuli a prenotatis et aliis predictorum
fratrum gravaminibus penitus desistatis, subditos vestros ab hiis artius
compescendo. Alioquin venerabilibus fratribus nostris ... Neapolitano ...
Salernitano et ... Barensi archiepiscopis damus nostris litteris firmiter in
mandatis, ut vos ad omnia supradicta servanda monitione previa auctoritate
nostra sublato cuiuslibet contradictionis et appelationis impedimento
compellant, non obstante constitutione de duabus dietis edita in concilio
generali. Si vero nec sic mandatis nostris curaveritis obedire, noveritis nos
super hoc memoratis fratribus aliter auctore domino provisuros. Qvod si non omnes etc. Datum Lugduni XV kalendas Octobris, anno tertio.
In eundem modum archiepiscopis, et episcopis, ac abbatibus, prioribus,
decanis, archidiaconis, archipresbiritis, prepositus, et aliis ecclesiarum
prelatis per Datie, Suetie, et Norvegie regna constitutis.
Dansk oversættelse:
Til ærkebiskopper og biskopper og abbeder, priorer, provster, og
andre prælater ved kirkerne i Siciliens rige. På en uhørt nedrig måde gør man
gengæld over for Ham, der gavmildt skænker alt godt, når de, som er opfedet på
Kristi fædrene gods og på fordømmelig vis lever overdådigt heraf, ikke viger
tilbage for åbent at forfølge Kristus i hans tjenere, som var Hævnens Herre
blevet afmægtig. Thi selv om vore elskede sønner prædikebrødrene på
frelsebringende måde har fornægtet sig selv og har valgt at gøre tjeneste i den
yderste fattigdom, den fattige Kristus til behag, som om de intet har, men ejer
alt, findes der mange, både prælater ved kirkerne og andre, som ledet af blindt
begær mener, at de selv i deres havesyge går glip af alt, hvad fromme troende
gavmildt skænker fornævnte brødre, og foruroliger og forstyrrer dem på
mangfoldig vis og søger forskellige påskud til at fortrædige dem. Det er nemlig
deres, omend ikke alles ønske, at tvinge dem til at gå til skrifte hos sig og
pålægge dem bod og tildele dem nadveren, og de tillader ikke, at Kristi Legeme
opbevares i deres kapeller og tvinger dem til at lade deres afdøde brødre
begrave og holde begravelsen i de andres kirker. Og hvis nogen af de brødre,
der afgår ved døden, vælger sit gravsted andetsteds end i deres kirker,
gennemtvinger de, at liget først bringes til deres kirker, for at offeret kan
tilfalde deres brug, og de tåler ikke, at de har klokketårn eller indviet
kirkegård og tillader dem kun at forrette gudstjenester på visse tidspunkter.
De ønsker ligeledes efter forgodtbefindende at bestemme og fastsætte antallet
af brødre, præster, gejstlige og verdslige, og desuden af vokslys, lamper og
prydelser i deres huse og fordrer det overskydende af vokslysene af dem, når
der sættes nye op, og tillader ikke, at deres nye præster forretter deres
første messer andetsteds end i deres kirker og tvinger dem lige så vel til, at
de ved de daglige messer, som de forretter i deres egne stiftelser og for deres
egne altre, skal modtage og opbevare, hvad der ofres til deres behov. Endvidere
søger de under navn af offer at fravriste dem alt, hvad fromme og hengivende
troende skænker dem, når de forretter højtidelige messer inden for deres huses
omkreds, det, som ligefrem overdrages disse samme til alterprydelser såvel som
kirkelige bøger, gør de falskelig krav på som deres, tvinger dem til at komme
til deres synoder og underkaste sig deres bestemmelser, og de har ikke nok
heri, men truer med, at de vil holde kapitler og anstille undersøgelser i brødrenes
stiftelser for at retlede dem og kræver troskab, bestyrket med ed af deres
priorer, befaler dem tillige, at de skal følge dem i procession såvel udenfor
byerne som inde i dem, og slynger af ubetydelige årsager bandlysningsdom mod
deres velgørere og truer brødrene med det samme og arbejder ivrigt på at fjerne
dem fra de steder, hvor de gør tjeneste for Herren, hvis ikke de adlyder dem i
alle ovenfor nævnte ting. Dertil nedlægger de forbud mod, at brødrene, der er
hidkaldt af de hengivne menigheder, skal vove at komme til ansete stæder og
byer, hvor de kan tage ophold på from og agtværdig måde, og fordrister sig til
at fælde bandlysningsdom såvel mod de brødre, der kommer, som mod dem, der
modtager dem. Endvidere søger de efter at fravriste dem tiender af havernes
frugter og desuden indkomster af brødrenes boliger ligesom af jødernes huse,
idet de forsikrer, at nogle indtægter skulle betales dem af andre beboere, hvis
brødrene ikke boede der. Og for helt og holdent at lægge dem under deres
herredømme vil de sætte priorer i spidsen for dem efter deres ønske og
forgodtbefindende, og alle disse fortrædigelser af brødrene kan I ikke alle
sige jer helt fri for. Da altså fornævnte brødres orden takket være deres
fortjenester er fundet værdig til at blive anerkendt af vore forgængere
Honorius og Gregor, salig ihukommet, og os, påminder vi jer alle indtrængende,
for at I ikke skal synes at ringeagte det apostoliske sædes bestemmelser, som I
er forpligtet til at antage i ydmyghed og overholde i ærbødighed, og påbyder
urokkeligt som vor befaling, at alle og hver enkelt af jer på frelsebringende
måde skal tage vare på jeres samvittighed og rygte og afstå fuldstændig fra
ovenfornævnte og andre tynger mod fornævnte brødre og med strenghed tvinge
jeres undergivne til det samme. I modsat fald giver vi med dette brev vore
ærværdige brødre ærkebiskopperne ... af Napoli, ... af Salerno og ... af Bari
urokkelig befaling til efter forudskikket påmindelse på vor myndighed med
tilsidesættelse af enhver hindrende modsigelse eller appel at tvinge jer til at
overholde alt det fornævnte uanset bestemmelsen om de to dagsrejser, der blev
bekendtgjort på det almindelige koncilium. Men hvis I end ikke på denne måde
sørger for at adlyde vore befalinger, skal I vide, at vi på anden vis med
Herrens bistand vil drage omsorg for omtalte brødre i så henseende. Givet i
Lyon den 17. september i vort tredie år.
Et ligelydende brev til ærkebiskopper og biskopper og abbeder, priorer, dekaner, ærkedegne, ærkepræster, provster og andre gejstlige prælater i Danmarks, Sveriges og Norges riger.
Comments: As the bull explicitly states that “you cannot all completely
deny all these molestations”, it is hardly to be read as if all of them were
carried out in every diocese of Scandinavia. Furthermore, since the bull for
the Scandinavian kingdoms was a copy of a similar bull sent to Sicily, the
whole content bears the sign of a standardized formula. ● Shortened
versions of the bull with references to this one was issued for the Friars
Minor in Sicily, Denmark, Casubia and Pomerania. For the north European
Franciscans, three named bishops of Bremen, Hildesheim and Schwerin were
appointed their papal protectors (DD 1. ser. vol. VII no. 182-183).
Published: Diplomatarium Norvegicum vol. I no. 29; Bullarium
Danicum no. 362; Diplomatarium Danicum
1. ser. vol. VII no. 188.
Lyon |
Order
of Preachers, Province of Dacia |
Pope Innocent IV
enjoins the master general and the priors provincial of the Order of Preachers
to have their friars announce the verdict of the Council of Lyon about the
excommunication and deposition of Emperor Frederick II at suitable places and
times, for which 40 days of indulgence is granted to all listeners.
Source: Original document. The Swedish National
Archives, Stockholm.
Language: Latin.
Innocentius episcopus servus
servorum Dei. Dilectis filiis ... magistro et universis prioribus provincialibus
ordinis fratrum predicatorum. Salutem et apostolicam benedictionem. Dei filii
qui pro salvando humano genere de alto celorum ad ima terre descendit ut suo
descensu homini ad superna pararet ascensum. Vicarii licet immeriti constituti
saluti omnium vigilanter intendere hanc totis amplecti desideriis omnisque
diligentie studio procurare tenemur unde id ex officii nostri debito ardenter
appetimus, et ad hoc operam juxta insufficientie nostre possibilitatem
efficaciter adhibemus. ut singuli erectis ad Deum oculis affectibus directis ad
ipsum, sibi placita operantes, tutis ad eum sub conscientie fiducia tendant
gressibus secum sine fine victuri, qui ad ipsos ne absque termino morerentur
accessit. Sane cum ordinem vestrum hiis temporibus disponente Domino in eius
ecclesia salubriter institutum apostolica sedes oportuni favoris curaverit
munire presidio et beneficio gratie attollere specialis, ipsiusque ordinis
fratres tantum eiusdem sedis benevolentia velut gratitudinis filii plenitudine
devotionis et obedientie promptitudine reverenter agnoscant, nos per eos
tamquam catholice fidei et justitie fervidos zelatores paratos semper nostra
beneplacita ad implere, sollicite, processum contra Fredericum quondam
Romanorum imperatorem in concilio quod nuper Lugduni annuente Domino
celebravimus habitum volumus publicari. Set ut clarius vobis liqueat processum
eundem justitie plenitudine fore munitum, scire vos volumus quod expositis in
ipso concilio prefati, f. nephandis excessibus eodemque concilio discusione
deliberante vigili super eis, nos tandem de communi tam fratrum nostrorum quam
concilii eiusdem consilio sententialiter contra memoratum, f. duximus
procedendum, prout ex tenore sententie quam sub bulla nostra transmittimus,
vobis plenius innotescet. Unde ne Christi fideles predicto, f. contra eandem
sententiam per ignorantiam pareant vel intendant, et ut sententie ipsius
equitas omnibus nota fiat. Universitatem vestram monemus et hortamur attente,
in remissionem vobis peccaminum injungentes, quatinus processum huiusmodi per
vos et alios nostri ordinis fratres providos et discretos in locis oportunis
publicare curetis. Nos enim vobis vestrisque fratribus convocandi propter hoc
tam clerum quem in huiusmodi negotio vobis favorabiliter assistere mandamus,
quam populum festivis diebus et aliis ac relaxandi misericorditer omnibus vere
penitentibus et confessis qui ad vestras predicationes in quibus processum
publicaveritis supradictum accesserint, quadraginta dies de penitentiis
injunctis eisdem liberam tribuimus auctoritate presentium potestatem. Et si
forte propter huiusmodi publicationem contumelias, exilia, vincula, carceres,
verbera seu quecumque supplicia vel corporis cruciatus uos sustinere
contigerit, concedimus de omnipotentis Dei misericordia et beatorum Petri et Pauli
apostolorum eius auctoritate confisi, ut hec omnia vobis velud constantibus
fidei justitie et ecclesiastice libertatis adletis ad plenam remissionem
peccaminum et eterne premium vite cedant. Datum Lugduni, ∙x∙ kalendas januarii, pontificatus nostri anno tertio.
Comments: The bull is
directed to the Order of Preachers in general with no special reference to the
province of Dacia, but the extant original copy of the letter has been kept at
some unknown convent archive in Scandinavia, most likely the one in Lund. ●
While attempts by Pope Gregory IX to
excommunicate Emperor Frederick II in 1227 and 1239, and to engage the
mendicant orders in the cause, had but little effect, his successor Innocent IV
were more successful. On 17 July 1245 Innocent pronounced the excommunication
and deposition of Frederick at the First Council of Lyon, in agreement with 150
attending bishops, while imperial troops held Rome under siege, and the Order
of Preachers and the Order of Friars Minor were officially enlisted to make the
council’s decision public. The papal injunction included a mendicant promotion
of a regular crusade against the heretical emperor, both by preaching and
collecting money for a military campaign against him. In Germany it was
especially the Friars Minor who became deeply involved with the anti-imperial
campaign, which led to severe persecutions of the friars by imperial
supporters. Although several Dominican convents and friars in Germany
maintained good relations to the imperial party, also the bulk of Friars
Preachers here seem to have complied with the papal and orderly orders to side
actively with the papacy. Especially at the instalment of Count Willem of
Holland as German anti-king in 1247, the mendicant skills as crusade preachers
came to their right as it was not least due to the joint Dominican-Franciscan
efforts of promoting the campaign that enabled Willem to conquer the imperial
city of Aachen in 1248 with recruited crusader assistance from all the western
districts of Germany. Also the Dominican involvement led to repercussions,
especially in southern Germany, where Friars Preachers were attacked and some
even killed, while whole priories were burned to the ground. In spite of the
obvious negative impact, the general chapters of the Order of Preachers in
1246, 1247 and 1248 repeatedly admonished its friars to commit wholeheartedly
on the side of the papacy against the emperor (MOPH III, 37, 39 and 42). The
continued Dominican support throughout these years was probably to some degree
motivated – or at least rewarded – by an extensive series of new papal
privileges for the order (see 1244 24/3, 1244 25/3, 1244 26/3,
1245 27/6, 1245 17/9, 1245 17/9, 1246
9/6, 1246 16/6, 1246 22/6, 1246 27/6, 1246
27/6). When Emperor Frederick II died in 1250, the papal-imperial conflict
gradually died out as well (Freed 1977, 136-153;
Maier 1994, 72-73). ● Being situated outside the Holy Roman
Empire, no part of the province of Dacia was directly involved in the conflict.
Pope Innocent IV did, however, maintain good relations to King Erik IV of
Denmark as a potential ally against the emperor, and among other things
enjoined the Danish bishops in 1245 to promote the king’s planned crusade to
Estonia, which was equalled to the crusade to the Holy Land (DD 1. ser. VII
nos. 165 and 168-170). It would therefore be relatively safe for the Friars
Preachers in Denmark and elsewhere in the province to pronounce the council’s
decision, and although a crusade against Emperor Frederick II hardly was likely
to gain much actual support in Dacia, it would not have met any serious
opposition either. A second injunction to preach crusade against Emperor
Frederick in Germany, Denmark and Poland was given to an Italian cardinal,
Pietro Capocci, in 1247, with no mentioning of any Dominican involvement (DD 1.
ser. VII no. 255). It may be noteworthy or just coincidental that no similar
papal call against the emperor is known for the Friars Minor in Scandinavia.
Published:
Diplomatarium Suecanum vol. I no. 329.
Literature:
Jakobsen 2021(a), pp. 100-101.
Lyon |
Province of Dacia |
Pope Innocent IV permits the Friars Preachers to
stay on property belonging to excommunicated people and to receive necessities
for their living from them.
Source: Original document. The Swedish National Archives, Stockholm.
Language: Latin.
Innocentius
episcopus servus servorum Dei dilectis filiis … magistro et universis fratribus
ordinis fratrum predicatorum presentes litteras inspecturis salutem et
apostolicam benedictionem. Vobis extremam patientibus pro
Christi nomine paupertatem, digne conceditur ab apostolice sedis gratia per
quod et necessitati vestre consulitur et benefactoribus vestris salutis meritum
procuratur. Hinc est quod nos quorum deposcit officium justis annuere
desideriis devotorum, vestre precibus humilitatis inducti ut nos qui
exhortationis pie studio bonos ad potiora dirigitis et errantes in rectitudinis
semitam laudabiliter revocatis in excommunicatorum terris libere commorari, et
ab eis tunc, ac etiam quando vos per ipsas transire contingit, necessaria vite
deposcere, ac recipere valeatis, vobis auctoritate presentium concedimus
facultatem. Nulli ergo etcetera nostre concessionis etcetera. Datum
Lugduni ∙v∙ kalendas julii pontificatus nostri anno tertio.
Comments: The bull is obviously directed to the Order of Preachers in
general with no special reference to the province of Dacia, but the extant
original copy of the letter has been kept at the priory in Lund. · The bull was part
of a series of privileges granted by Pope Innocent IV in June 1246 to the Order
in general, with copies preserved in the province of Dacia. · The name of the
master general is left blank, but at this time the office was held by Fr.
Johannes Teutonicus (1240-1254).
Published: Diplomatarium Suecanum vol. I no. 323.
Ribe |
Convents of Lund, Ribe, Roskilde,
Sigtuna, Skänninge, Tallinn, Viborg, Visby, Västerås and Århus, Province of Dacia |
At the
provincial chapter in Ribe, 12 friars are chosen for the second foundation of a
convent in Tallinn: Fr. Broder and Fr. Johannes Woxmoth of the convent in Lund,
Fr. Aron ‘of Randers’ and Fr. Peder Hartbo of the convent in Viborg, Fr. Mikkel
‘de Horsens’ and Fr. Angelo of the convent in Århus, Fr. Engelbert and Fr.
Johannes ‘German’ of the convent in Roskilde, Fr. Paul of the convent in
Sigtuna, Fr. Johannes of the convent in Västerås, Fr. Astolf of the convent in
Skänninge, and Fr. Daniel of the convent in Visby; Fr. Daniel was appointed the
first prior of the new convent.
Source: Historia
ordinis predicatorum in Dacia.
Language: Latin.
Conventus Revaliensis per fratres duabus vicibus est receptus (...) secundo anno domini m.cc.xlvi missi sunt fratres de diversis conventibus in Revaliam per capitulum provinciale Ripis celebratum. Quorum hec sunt nomina: frater Brotherus et frater Johannes Woxmoth de conventu Lundensi; frater Aaron de Randrus et frater Petrus Hartbo de conventu Wibergensi; frater Michael de Horsnes et frater Angelus de conventu Arosiensi; frater Engelbertus et frater Johannes Theo[to]nici de conventu Roschildensi; frater Paulus de conventu S[ycht]onensi et frater Johannes de conventu Insulensi; frater Astolphus de conventu Scheni[ng]ensi et frater Daniel de conventu Wisbycensi. Iste frater Daniel in Castro fuit primus prior et prelatus ordinarius inter fratres.
Dansk oversættelse:
Konventet i Tallinn blev grundlagt to gange af brødrene. (...)
Anden gang i det Herrens år 1246, da der af provincialkapitlet, der afholdtes i
Ribe, blev sendt brødre fra forskellige konventer til Tallinn. Deres navne var
følgende: broder Broder og broder Johannes Woxmoth fra konventet i Lund; broder
Aron af Randers og Peder Harbo fra konventet i Viborg; broder Mikkel af Horsens
og broder Angelo fra konventet i Århus; broder Engelbert og broder Johannes
Tysker fra konventet i Roskilde; broder Paul fra konventet i Sigtuna og broder
Johannes fra konventet i Västerås; broder Astolf fra konventet i Skänninge og
broder Daniel fra konventet i Visby. Denne broder Daniel var den første prior
på borgen og ordineret prælat blandt brødrene.
Comments: The time of the first convent foundation in Tallinn (medieval
Reval) is rather disputed (see Historia...), but at some
point, the friars were expelled. · According to the Annales Skeningenses, the convent in
Tallinn was established in 1248; this may indicate that a couple
of years went on from the friars were sent out to the official foundation of
the convent. · None of the named
friars can be identified with other known Dacian friars. · The references to Aaron
de Randrus and Michael de Horsnes have led some early historians to
suggest the existence of Dominican convents in the towns of Randers and Horsens
(Jutland, Denmark), but the place-names clearly only function as urban
surnames. · The ‘castle’, which
Daniel was the first prior in, probably refers to the castle built in the upper
town (Toompea), where remnants of the first priory has been found in the walls
of the cathedral.
Published: Scriptores Rerum Danicarum vol. V, p. 501; Diplomatarium Danicum 1. ser. vol. VII no. 234; Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum vol. 68, pp. 111-112; Halvorsen, Dominikus, p. 220; Historia ordinis predicatorum in
Dacia (online).
Montpellier |
Provinces
of Dacia, Francia, Polonia and Provincia |
The general
chapter of the Friars Preachers concedes to the foundation of three convents in
the province of Provincia, two in Francia, two in Polonia and one in Dacia.
Source: Acta capitulorum generalium OP.
Language: Latin.
In nomine patris et filii et spiritus sancti, amen. Acta capituli generalis in
Montepesulano celebrati anno Domini MCCXLVII.
(…) In
provincia Provincie concedimus tres domos, in provincia Francie ∙ii∙,
in Polonia ∙ii∙, in Dacia ∙i∙. (…)
Dansk
oversættelse:
I Faderens,
Sønnens og Helligåndens navn, amen. Akter af generalkapitlet afholdt i Montpellier i det Herrens år
1247.
(…) I
provinsen Provincia bevilges tre huse, i provinsen Francia to, i Polonia to, i
Dacia et. (…)
Comments: The act is undated, but the chapter was usually held at Pentecost. ● It is not
possible to identify the concrete convent foundation in question for Dacia.
Most likely candidates are Tallinn (1246), Bergen (before 1247) and Turku
(1249). Walter Senner seems to take for certain that it was Tallinn (Senner
2001, 36).
Published: Monumenta Ordinis Fratrum
Praedicatorum Historica vol. III, p. 40; Diplomatarium Danicum
1. ser. vol. VII no. 270.
Bergen |
Convent
of Bergen |
Papal
Legate William of Sabina settles a dispute between the convent of Friars
Preachers in Bergen and the cathedral chapter in Bergen concerning a number of
privies put up by the canons on a slope above the neighbouring priory, which
cause the sewage to flow downhill to the nuisance of the friars’ garden and
house; an arrangement that the canons are enjoined to refrain from henceforth.
Source: Transcript of copy (see below).
Language: Latin.
Wilelmus miseratione divina Sabinensis episcopus apostolice sedis legatus omnibus presentes literas inspecturis salutem in nomine Jesu Christi. Cum venissemus in Bergensem civitatem Norvegie, invenimus domum fratrum predicatorum juxta majorem ecclesiam satis in arto constructam et ad instantiam et preces nostras diocesanus eorum locum aliquantulum dilatavit, sed canonici eiusdem ecclesie domos edificaverant inter majorem ecclesiam et domum predicatorum et erant domus canonicorum in altiori loco posuerantque cameras privatas contra domus fratrum ita quod sordes in ortum et domum fratrum continue defluebant et erat ibi fetor continuus, quem non poterant fratres commode sustinere, propter quod cogitavimus predictas domos amovere de loco illo quia lignee et leves erant et deponi in alio loco ibi prope ad hoc satis conveniente. Rogaverant autem nos canonici quod sufficeret nobis et fratribus quod permanentibus domibus private camere penitus tollerentur, quod et factum est de bona omnium voluntate, verumptamen quia generatio advenit et generatio preterit timebant ne alii canonici supervenientes vel forte predicti ex illa parte aliquas cameras instaurarent, quod in perpetuum fieri prohibemus ferentes excommunicationis sententiam in omnes qui contra statutum nostrum venerint hoc scientes. Datum Bergis idus augusti pontificatus domini Innocentii pape ∙iiii∙ anno quinto.
Comments: This is the first
instance referring to a Dominican convent in Bergen, which must have been
founded at some point before that in the 1230-40s. ● Whereas cathedral
canonry elsewhere in Scandinavia appears to have received the Friars Preachers
very well, it is unknown what had triggered the differently tense situation in
Bergen from such an early point. Whatever the initial reason, the relation
between the two ecclesiastical neighbours remained exceptionally poor
throughout the Middle Ages. Around 1290 28/7, the cathedral chapter had
prohibited all parish clergy of the diocese from helping the friars in any way
or permitting them to beg in their parishes; Prior Provincial Petrus of Dacia
tried to settle the issues with Bishop Arne of Bergen in 1306 11/6, but
apparently in vain; the same bishop in 1309 31/5
prohibited the Friars Preachers from breaking an interdict laid upon the German
settlers of the city; the convent and the bishop disputed over a green common
in Bergen in 1311 14/5 and 1320 20/6; around 1326, Lector
Gunnerus of the convent in Oslo asked a canon of Bergen to ease up a little on
the local Dominican convent; rebellious peasants, who would not pay tithe,
assembled at the Dominican priory in 1328 Feb-Mar; and not until 1328-30, a settlement between the
two parties was made, naming all the concerned issues at this time. However, in
1422 22/1 the Dominican convent in Bergen strongly joined the local
Benedictines and Franciscans in a protest against the bishop’s transfer of
Munkeliv Abbey to the Brigittine Order; and, finally, in 1443 4/11, the Friars Preachers in
Bergen once again had provoked their secular neighbours, this time by burying
an excommunicated criminal at their cemetery, for which the friars were
threatened with excommunication and interdict. ● On William of Modena/Sabina, see 1238 7/6.
Published:
Historie af Danmark
vol. X, pp. 965-966; Diplomatarium Norvegicum vol. II
no. 7.
Papal
Legate William of Sabina informs King Håkon Håkonsson of Norway of the
abovementioned settlement, with a full copy of the letter, and urges the king
to see to that the injunction is obeyed by the canons.
Source: Transcript in Bartholin’s Collectanea.
Language: Latin.
Magnifico et prudenti viro Haquino Dei gratia Norvegie regi illustrissimo Wilelmus divina miseratione Sabinensis episcopus et apostolice sedis legatus salutem in nomine Jesu Christi. Cum venissemus (…) hoc scientes. Presertim quoniam ille camere sunt super cimiterio consecrato posite unde contra ordinem honestatis et justitie est ut super consecrato loco camere huiusmodi construantur, ideoque nobilitatem vestram rogamus, quatinus si aliqui contra statutum nostrum in prejudicium cimiterii et fratrum attemptare presumpserint, vos ipsos studeatis quantum licet et convenit impedire, scilicet per subtractionem carpentariorum et aliorum que de vestra jurisdictione consistunt. Datum Bergis ∙xviii∙ kalendas augusti pontificatus domini Innocencii ∙iiii∙ anno quinto.
Comments: See above. ●
Bartholin had entitled the letter (or two letters) De domibus edificandis
in cimiterio.
Published:
Historie af Danmark
vol. X, pp. 965-966; Diplomatarium Norvegicum vol. II
no. 8.
Andernach |
Convent of Lübeck |
Cardinal
Legate Petrus de San Giorgio in Velabro urges the city council of Lübeck to
make peace with King Erik IV Plovpenning of Denmark, after he has been
contacted in Andernach by the city’s representative, Fr. Hermann, subprior of
the Friars Preachers in Lübeck, whom is highly praised by the cardinal for his
learnedness and eloquency.
Source: Original document.
Staatsarchiv Lübeck.
Language: Latin.
Petrus miseratione divina S. Georgii ad Velum aureum dioaconus cardinalis apostolice sedis legatus dil. in Christo filiis consulibus, scabinis et universis civibus Lubicensibus salutem in Domino. Fratrem Hermannum latorem presentium fratrum predicatorum Lubicensium suppriorem ex parte vestra gratanter recepimus et eum audivimus diligenter, utpote virum quem bonorum studiorum virtus amabilem et facundia reddit gratum. (...) Datum aput Andernachum 3. non sept. anno Domini 1247.
Dansk oversættelse:
Peter, af Guds nåde kardinaldiakon af San Giorgio i Velabro og
det apostoliske sædes legat, til sine kære sønner i Kristus rådmænd, delegerede
og alle borgere i Lübeck: vær hilset i Herren. Vi har med glæde modtaget jeres
udsending broder Hermann, nærværende brevfører, underprior hos prædikebrødrene
i Lübeck, og lyttet omhyggeligt til ham, eftersom han er en mand, elskværdig
ved sin fortrinlige og gode uddannelse og kærkommen for sin veltalenheds skyld.
(...) Givet ved Andernach den 3. september i det Herrens år 1247.
Comments: On King Erik IV Plovpenning of Denmark, see 1250.
Published:
Lübeckisches
Urkundenbuch 1. ser. vol. I no. 126; Bullarium
Danicum no. 408; Diplomatarium Danicum
1. ser. vol. VII no. 263.
Skänninge |
Convent
of Sigtuna (and Skänninge?) |
Papal
Legate Guillelmus de Sabina confirms a donation by Fr. Thomas, former bishop of
Finland, of some books to the convent of Friars Preachers in Sigtuna.
Source: Transcript in Örnhielm’s
Bullarium. The Swedish National Archives, Stockholm.
Language: Latin.
Willelmus
miseratione divina Sabinensis episcopus apostolicæ sedis legatus viris
religiosis fratribus domus de Sictunia ordinis prædicatorum Upsalensis diæcesis
salutem in nomine Jesu Christi. Cum a nobis petitur quod justum est, tam vigor
æquitatis quam ordo exigit rationis, ut id per sollicitudinem officii nostri ad
debitum perducatur effectum. Cum igitur, sicut ex parte vestra propositum
extitit coram nobis, venerabilis frater T. quondam Finlandensis episcopus,
quosdam libros pertinentes ad se domui vestræ pro suorum remedio contulerit
peccatorum, nos quod ab eo provide factum est, in hac parte ratum habentes,
illud auctoritate qua fungimur apostolica confirmamus, et præsentis scripti
patrocinio communimus. Nulli ergo etc. nostræ confirmationis etc.
Datum Scheningiæ XII. Kal. Martii, pontificatus domini Innocentii Papæ IV. anno
quinto.
Comments: On Guillelmus de Modena/Sabina, see 1238. · On Fr. Thomas, former bishop
of Finland, see 1245. · At least one of the donated
books is preserved at the University Library of Uppsala (as C 134), a
commentary to the Book of Joel, with
an inscription dated to the fifteenth century: Iste est liber ffratrum
predicatorum Siktonie quem contulit eis felicis recordacionis dominus Thomas
episcopus Finlandensis (FMU vol. I no. 92). · When the books were given to
the convent in Sigtuna, while Fr. Thomas himself presumably lived with the
friars in Visby, where he was buried, it may reflect an earlier contact to the
Sigtuna convent during his time as bishop in Finland and/or as canon in
Uppsala. · Although nothing
is stated about the actual location in Skänninge of the confirmation, it is not
at all unlikely that it took place at the Dominican priory.
Published: Diplomatarium
Suecanum vol. I no. 358; Finlands Medeltidsurkunder vol.
I no. 92.
Convent of Visby |
Bishop
Thomas of Finland, formerly a canon of Uppsala and now of the Order of
Preachers, dies and is buried in the chancel of the Friars Preachers in Visby,
with whom he has resided.
Source: A-B. Chronicon episcoporum Finlandensium. C. Annales Skeningenses.
Language: Latin.
A:
D. Thomas, natione Anglicus, ordinis
Prædicatorum, prius canonicus Upsalensis, obiit anno Domini 1248, in Visby
Gotlandie, quo se contulerat Ruthenorum et Curorum furorem.
B:
Thomas Anglicus, de ordine fratrum
predicatorum, Visby resedit; tum propter Anglicos illuc se transtulit tum
Meonum et Ruthonorum furorem; ibi obiit anno Domini MCCXLVIIIo et in
summo choro aput eosdem sepelitur.
C:
MCCXLVIII. obiit Thomas, episcopus
Finlandensis. (…)
Comments: The sixteenth-century chronicle is preserved in two editions,
of which B is considered the most corrupted, but contrary to A it does contain
the additional information of the burial place. ● Bishop Thomas resigned
from his see in 1245 and seems to have joined the
Order of Preachers immediately after. He donated some books to the Dominican
convent of Sigtuna in February 1248. ● The
chronicle is the only explicit reference to Thomas as member of the Order of
Preachers and to his allocation to Visby. Even in the Dominican Annales Skeningenses and the Order’s
provincial chapter acts of 1253, he is only referred to as bishop, not
as frater. The authour of the episcopal chronicle, Paulus Juusten (1516-1576),
may have had his additional Dominican knowledge from his master at the Turku
cathedral school in 1534-36, Fr. Martin Skytte OP, himself a bishop of Turku
(Åbo) in 1528-1550.
Published: A. Porthan, Opera selecta vol. 1, p. 126. B. Scriptores Rerum Svecicarum vol. III,
p. 32; Finlands Medeltidsurkunder vol. I no. 95. C. Danske
Samlinger 1. ser. vol. V, p. 372; Scriptores Rerum
Svecicarum vol. III:1, p. 4; Annales
Suecici, p. 260; Annales Ordinis Predicatorum Dacie (online).
Literature: Gallén, 1946, pp.
52 (note 25) and 55 (note 36).
Convent of Tallinn |
A
convent of Friars Preachers is established in Tallinn.
Source: Annales Skeningenses.
Language: Latin.
MCCXLVIII (…) conventus venit Ravaliam.
Dansk oversættelse:
1248 (…) et konvent ankom til Tallinn.
Comments: According to the Historia…, this was the second
attempt to establish a Dominican convent in Tallinn. At the provincial chapter
in 1245-46,
12 friars were selected to form the first convent. If the foundation year in Annales Skeningenses is correct, it
would imply that a couple of years went on from the decision to send out the
friars to the official foundation of the convent.
Published:
Danske Samlinger 1.
ser. vol. V, p. 372; Scriptores Rerum Svecicarum vol. III no. 1, p. 4; Annales Suecici,
p. 260; Annales Ordinis Predicatorum Dacie (online).
Convent of Turku |
A
convent of Friars Preachers is established in Finland.
Source: Annales Skeningenses.
Language: Latin.
MCCXLIX venit conventus Finlandiam.
Dansk oversættelse:
1249 ankom et konvent til Finland.
Comments: The term ‘Finland’ was in the Middle Ages concentrated to a
small populated area on the south-western coast of present-day Finland.
Traditionally it is believed that the Dominican convent right from the
beginning was based at Turku (Åbo), where the river Aurå meets the Baltic Sea,
but the first explicit Dominican reference to Turku is as late as 1309.
When the Friars Preachers arrived in 1249, nothing much seems to have existed
in Turku. It was not until 1290 that the seat of the Finnish bishop was moved
here from Räntämäki a few kilometres upstream. The bishop may have decided to
place his residence closer to the friars, but it is also possible that an early
Dominican convent in Räntämäki moved along with him.
Published:
Danske Samlinger 1.
ser. vol. V, p. 372; Scriptores Rerum Svecicarum vol. III no. 1, p. 4; Annales Suecici,
p. 260; Annales Ordinis Predicatorum Dacie (online).
London |
Convent
of Lund, Provinces of Dacia, Hungaria and Terra sancta |
The
general chapter of the Friars Preachers enjoins a penance of five psalms, five disciplinas
and five masses on the convent in Lund, where the friars have torn down a
building used for studies before a substitute studium is constructed,
thereby hindering studies from being properly performed; until a new study
house is completed, neither the prior nor the subprior are to be reelected for
their offices. Furthermore, the priors provincial of Hungaria, Dacia and Terra
sancta are absolved.
Source: Acta capitulorum generalium OP.
Language: Latin.
In nomine patris et filii et spiritus sancti, amen. Acta capituli generalis Londoniis
celebrati anno Domini MCCL. (…)
Injunctiones
penitenciarum. Item, de parte Lundons in Dacia, et damus ei ∙v∙
psalteria, ∙v∙ disciplinas, ∙v∙ missas, quia cum
habuisset edificia competencia pro studio, illa destruxit et nova inchoavit, et
studium impedivit, et non reeligatur de cetero in priorem, impolimus in eodem
suppriorem pariter, et volumus quod nullus istorum absolutorum ad officium
prioratus vel supprioratus usque ad annum reeligantur.
Absolvimus priores provinciales Ungarie,
Dacie et Terre sancte. (…)
Comments: The act is undated, but the chapter was usually held at Pentecost. ● Neither the
prior nor the subprior of the Friars Preachers in Lund of this time are known.
No other details of the irregular construction process in Lund are available. ● The prior
provincial of Dacia from 1241 to 1261 was Fr.
Absalon. The reason for his absolution is not stated. It is, however, obvious
to connect it to Fr. Absalon’s neglect of a papal order in 1247 19/12 to
intervene in a dispute between Bishop Niels Stigsen of Roskilde and King Erik
IV of Denmark (whom the friars supported), something which the pope complained
about in 1249 27/7. A similar forced absolution may have hit the
Franciscan minister provincial of Dacia, Fr. Thidericus, who also neglected the
bull and was replaced in office in the period 1245-53. The duration of Fr.
Absalon’s absolution does not seem to have been long. Indeed, he may very well
have been reelected at the following provincial chapter of that same year; no
replacing prior provincial is known.
Published: Monumenta Ordinis Fratrum
Praedicatorum Historica vol. III, p. 54.
Lyon |
Provinces
of Dacia (Norway) and Teutonia |
Pope Innocent IV
enjoins the prior provincial of the Friars Preachers and the minister
provincial of the Friars Minor in ‘Alemannia’ to remind all those who have taken the Cross in Frisia and Norway that
they shall prepare to leave for the Holy Land at the next collective departure,
which is to be arranged by Queen Blanche of France; if necessary, the friars
are authorized to implement ecclesiastical punishment.
Source: Transcript in Regesta Vaticana. Vatican
Archives, Rome.
Language: Latin.
Innocentius episcopus, servus servorum Dei, dilectis filiis priori
predicatorum et ministro minorum fratrum provincialibus Alemannie, salutem et
apostolicam benedictionem. Cum ad presens Terra Sancta indigeat presidio
bellatorum, nos attendentes, quod multi frisones acceperunt accensi zelo devotionis
et fidei signum crucis, quodque solent frisones in transmarinis partibus
prosperare, mandamus quatenus omnes crucesignatos de partibus Frisie et
Norvegie, quod in proximo passagio a vobis ad beneplacitum carissime in Christo
filie nostre Blanche illustrissime regine Francie statuendo transfretent in
subsidium Terre Sancte per vos, ac alios, quos expedire videritis moneatis
attentius et efficaciter secundum datam vobis a Deo prudentiam inducatis eos ad
id, si necesse fuerit, per censuram ecclesiasticam appellatione postposita
compescendo. Non obstantibus aliquibus privilegiis apostolice sedis vel
indulgentiis seu literis obtentis et obtinendis et quibuslibet aliis per que id
impediri vel differri valeat et de quibus oporteat in presentibus fieri mentionem,
et constitutione de duabus dietis edita in concilio generali. Quod si non ambo
etcetera. Datum Lugduni ∙iii∙ kalendas decembris,
pontificatus nostri anno octavo.
Comments: While all of
Germany at this time constituted one Dominican province of Teutonia, the region
was divided into several Franciscan provinces. ● It is noteworthy
that it was the mendicant provincials in Germany, and not their colleague
provincials of Dacia, who were told to take care of business in Norway. Unless
it reflects a simple error on part of the Curia, it could suggest that the
promotion in Scandinavia of the crusade to the Holy Land at this point was
assigned to the mendicant orders in Germany, while the Scandinavian friars
themselves were to concentrate on the Baltic crusade. The Friars Preachers of
Dacia were not formally enlisted to preach the crusade to the Holy Land until 1265.
●
The prior provincial of the Friars Preachers in Teutonia at this time was Fr.
Edmundus (1249-1251 and 1266-1269).
Published:
Bullarium Ordinis Praedicatorum vol. I no. 215.
Literature:
Maier 1994, p. 71; Jakobsen 2021(a), p. 104.
Convent
of Schleswig |
King
Erik IV Plovpenning of Denmark is murdered by henchmen of his brother, Duke
Abel of Schleswig, who take him out on Slien, decapitate him and throw his body
overboard. The king’s corpse is later found by fishermen, who bring it to the
church of the Friars Preachers in Schleswig, where he is buried, and the friars
show “more than little rejoice and enthusiasm for such a great and valuable
treasure’s suffering and death”. After some time, the dead body of the king is
translated, by the order of King Abel, to the nunnery church in Schleswig and
from there to Schleswig Cathedral on request of the bishop.
Sources: A. Genealogia regum Daniæ.
B. Annales
Stadenses. C. Chronica Majora.
D. Annales
Hamburgenses. E. Annales
1101-1313. F. Holsteinische Reimchronik.
Languages: A-E. Latin. F. Middle Low German.
A:
Qui Ericus regni libere nactus habenas potestatem regiam honestis decoravit moribus, suis benevolus et adversariis terribilis. Sustinuit quoque multas ab emulis suis adversitates, donec prevalente malignantium consilio in vigilia sancti Laurentii cum eo, qui se oderat, quasi amico colludens inopinate capitur, injuriose trahitur, ferreis mancipatur compedibus et sic in cymbam absque Dei reverentia projectus per fluvium Slæ ad ulteriores partes eiusdem fluminis velociter transuehitur. (...) arrepto gladio bis feriens caput amputavit regium. Peracta igitur cede tam miserabili et inaudita tollentes corpus exanime, alligata galea ipsius imposito capite, ne ab aliquo hominum possit inveniri, ad ipsius martyris brachium dextrum, submerserunt in flumen. (...) Altera autem die, que miserande neci fuit proxima, piscatores pro opere suo in eundem locum devenientes et retia sua in capturam piscium laxantes trahebant ad littus maris martyris venerabilis venerabile corpus. (...) Et impositum in navim sic cum casside et indumentis compedibusque circa tibias existentibus cum honore, quo poterant, transtulerunt ad civitatem Sleswicensem, ad ecclesiam predicatorum, sepelientes illud ibidem, eisdem fratribus devote coadjuvantibus et ad passionem tanti talisque thesauri gaudio exultantibus non modico. Quod ibidem aliquanto tempore requievit humatum, donec per episcopum eiusdem civitatis ad majorem ecclesiam beati Petri apostoli honorifice transfertur; translatum condigno honore colitur et jugibus miraculis illustratur. (...)
Dansk oversættelse:
Da Erik havde fået fri rådighed over rigets tøjler, var han ved
sin ærefulde færd en pryd for kongemagten, vennehuld og fjendegram. Han måtte
også døje megen modgang af sine avindsmænd lige til den stund, da de ondes råd
sejrede, og han på den hellige Laurentius’ aften, just som han sad og spillede
med sin avindsmand som med en ven, ganske uventet toges til fange og mod al lov
og ret slæbtes bort, lagdes i jernlænker, slængtes således på ugudelig vis ned
i en båd og førtes hastigt ud ad Slistrømmen til den ydre del af denne. (…) og
skilte i to hug det kongelige hoved fra kroppen. Da sådant ynkeligt og uhørt
mord var fuldbragt, tog de det livløse legeme, bandt hjelmen, der sad på hans
hoved, fast til martyrens højre arm, for at han aldrig skulle kunne findes af
noget menneske, og kastede liget i strømmen. (…) På den næstfølgende dag efter
det ynkelige mord kom nogle fiskere i deres dont hen til det selvsamme sted,
satte deres garn ud og fik den hæderkronede martyrs hæderkronede lig i nettet,
da de trak det op på stranden. (...) De bragte så liget ombord på et fartøj,
sådan som det var, med hjelm og klædningsstykker og lænker om benene, og førte
det med så stor hæder, som de kunne vise det, til prædikebrødrenes kirke i
Slesvig by, og gravlagde det her, hvormed disse brødre fromt hjalp dem, idet de
viste ikke ringe jubel og glæde over en så stor og kostbar skats lidelse og
død. Der lå det så begravet i nogen tid, indtil det af bispen dér i byen med
hæder føres over til den større kirke, som var viet til den hellige Peder
apostel, og efter at være ført herover, dyrkes det med skyldig hæder og
forkerliges af stadige jærtegn. (...)
B:
(...) Non multum post corpus inventum est a piscatoribus, ipso ferro onustum et capite adhuc ad collum pendente. Sepelierunt eum predicatores in ecclesia sua Slesvich. Postea frater eius Abel fecit eum extumulari et ibidem in nova monialium ecclesia sepeliri. (...)
Dansk oversættelse:
(...) Ikke længe efter fandtes liget, belæsset med al jernet, af
nogle fiskere; hovedet hang endnu ved halsen. Prædikebrødrene gravlagde det i
deres kirke i Slesvig. Senere lod hans broder Abel det grave op og begrave i
nonnernes nye kirke sammesteds. (...)
C:
De obito regis
Dacorum, scilicet Henrici.
Eodem anno [:1251] (...) Abel primogenitus, qui
potius Cain dicendus erat, insidiatus est Henrico, et dum luderet ad aleas
balneaturus post ludum, supervenit Abel subito, et fratrum suum nequiter et
proditiose interfecit, et projecit in mare interfectum. Mare autem ter rejecit
ad aridam cadaver. (...) Corpus igitur fratres minores, qui illud
postulaverant, in ecclesia sua honorifice sepulture tradiderunt, ubi Deus
supplicatus miraculorum prestat beneficia.
Dansk oversættelse:
Om danerkongen Henriks død
Samme år [:1251] (...) lagde Abel, der rettere burde hedde Kain,
onde råd op imod Erik, og engang, da denne havde leget tavlebord og ville gå i
bad efter legen, kom Abel brat over ham, dræbte sin broder på lumsk og skændig
vis, og kastede ham i vandet. Men havet bar tre gange liget oip på tør strand.
(...) De små brødre jordfæstede med ære i deres kirke hans lig, som de havde
krævet at få. Her lader Gud i sin nåde undere ske for dem, der påkalder ham.
D:
Anno MCCL. (...) Huius regis corpus inventum fratres predicatores in ecclesia sua
Sleswich sepelierunt; sed frater eius Abel postea fecit eum ibidem in nova
ecclesia monialium sepeliri.
Dansk oversættelse:
År 1250. (...)
Denne konges lig blev fundet af prædikebrødrene, [og] begravet i deres kirke i
Slesvig, men hans broder Abel fik ham efterfølgende begravet i nonnernes nye
kirke.
E:
MCCL. Dux Abel
fratrem suum Ericum regem, ad aleam ludentem, captum proditiose in Sleswik in
nocte sancti Laurentii, per Laghonem Gudmundsen militem occidi fecit in Myosund
et submergi. Sepultus primo apud predicatores, extra menia tunc manentes,
postea apud sanctam Mariam in Holm, tertio in ecclesia beati Petri. Inventus
per piscatorem.
Dansk oversættelse:
1250. Hertug Abel lod troløst sin broder kong Erik gribe i
Slesvig, da han sad ved terningspil, i den hellige Laurentii nat, og lod ham
dræbe ved Mysund og sænke i vandet af ridderen Lave Gudmundsen. Han blev først
begravet hos prædikebrødrene, der da boede uden for murene, senere hos Vor Frue
på Holmen, tredje gang i Skt. Peders kirke. Han blev fundet af en fisker.
F:
(...) Des eddelen koninges licham
wart gevunden, unde de brodere van deme predekerorden begroven ene to Sleswik
in ere kerken. Dar god bi eme bewisede mennigerleie wunderwercke in de
tuchnisse siner hillicheit. Dar na leth en sin broder Abel wedder upgraven unde
in de nigen kerken des juncfrowenclosters wedder graven. (...)
Dansk oversættelse:
(...) Den ædelige konges lig blev fundet, og brødrene af
Prædikantordenen begravede det i deres kirke i Slesvig. Der lod Gud ved ham ske
mangfoldige undere til vidnesbyrd om hans hellighed. Derefter lod hans broder
Abel ham atter grave op igen og gravlægge i den ny kirke ved nonneklosteret.
(...)
Comments: According to A, the royal corpse was found and brought by the
fishermen to the Dominican church in Schleswig already on the day after his
murder, i.e. 11 August 1250. According to Chronica
Sialandie, written in the late thirteenth century (which, as many other
younger version, does not mention the first burial with the Friars Preachers),
the corpse was found a couple of weeks after the murder: Transactis vero aliquantis hebdomadis a piscatoribus inventus ad
civitatem adducitur et in ecclesiola monialium sepultus est (VSD, 431). ●
B has that the corpse was found by p̅catoribus;
in SRD and MGH (and in D) this has been read as p[redi]catoribus, whereas VSD reads the more likely p[is]catoribus, in line with A. ●
Although C must be quite close in time to the events (written in 1259 at the
latest), it is amazing how much information the author, Matthew Paris, has got
wrong. Not only has he altered the Friars Preachers to Friars Minor (and let
them demand to have the corpse for their burial, a claim not made anywhere
else), he has also missed such central elements as the year and the name of the
king! ● King Erik IV Plovpenning
of Denmark reigned from 1241 to
1250, as the oldest son of King Valdemar II. Most of his regency was marked by
a power struggle with his brother, Duke Abel of Schleswig, which from 1246
evolved to open war. To fund the continued warfare, Erik is said to have issued
a new plough tax, which in later history writing earned him the byname Plovpenning (‘plough penny’).
Eventually, Abel was forced to submission in 1250, and it was while King Erik
was in Schleswig to manifest his victory that he was killed by Abel’s
supporters. The reason why the fishermen decided to bring the corpse of the
dead king to the Dominican priory may have been completely practical, as the
priory at this time was situated outside the city wall right down by the water.
It may, however, also suggest that the Friars Preachers were known for being
friends and allies of the slain king. Whereas King Erik IV is traditionally
known as a friend of the Friars Minor, it is less clear how he stood with the
Friars Preachers, but relations generally appear positive. In his lifetime,
King Erik also engaged in several conflicts with the Church, particularly with
the bishop of Roskilde regarding the lordship of Copenhagen, in which the
Danish Friars Preachers were papally instructed to mediate (1247 19/12),
but apparently refrained to do in support of the king (1249 27/7). Also,
among his ecclesiastical allies was the cathedral provost of Roskilde, Bo (Boecius), who later joined the ranks of
the Friars Preachers (see 1255 14/3). And, eventually, his
daughters Agnes and Jutta funded and joined the first Dacian convent of
Dominican Sisters in Roskilde (1266). Thus, the text should hardly
be read as if the Friars Preachers rejoiced on the horrible death of King Erik,
but rather on their fortune of becoming the burial site for the martyred saint
king. After the repeated transfers of his corpse between churches in Schleswig,
the remains of King Erik was finally moved to the Benedictine abbey church of
Ringsted in 1257-58. After this transfer, the Benedictine monks compiled a list
of miracles performed by the blessed king, to which also Fr. Nicolaus Crispus
of the Dominican convent in Roskilde could add a tale in 1258-62.
Although the claimed sainthood of King Erik IV, eagerly promoted by his younger
brother, King Christoffer I of Denmark, received some national and even
international recognition, he was never officially sanctified or even beatified
by the Church. ● The claim that wonders already began to happen while
Erik was still buried with the Dominicans is only noted in F, i.e. around 1400,
and may be a free interpretation added by its (supposedly Franciscan)
chronicler. ● It is noteworthy that the initial burial with the Friars
Preachers in Schleswig is not mentioned in any of the Dominican
yearbooks of the time. ● Abel, duke of Schleswig 1232-1252, followed his murdered brother,
Erik IV, as king of Denmark in 1250. He was married to Mechtilde, the daughter
of Count Adolf IV of Holstein (see 1244), who put
his two young sons in the custody of Abel, when the count himself withdraw to
monastic life in 1246; this meant that Abel’s ducal power increased
significantly, and the duchy and county effectively merged into one ‘double
duchy’ of Schleswig-Holstein. As king, Abel denied any involvement with the
killing of his brother and predecessor. He was, however, himself killed after
less than two years of regency in a battle against the Frisians in 1252. If the
Friars Preachers were considered political friends of King Erik IV, one would
expect an unfriendly relation between the Order and Abel, but this cannot be
seen from the sources – except for his possibly instruction to remove Erik’s
corpse from the Dominican church to the nunnery church in Schleswig. On the
contrary, King Abel is known to have issued some privileges for the Friars
Preachers in Lund in 1251 26/5, friars from the convent in Haderslev
allegedly witnessed a donation performed by him in 1252 4/4,
and the foundation of a Dominican convent in Haderslev in 1251
could hardly have taken place without his explicit support. ● Lave Gudmundsen was a Danish knight,
who held a strong position at the court of Duke Abel throughout the late 1240s.
It apparently was important for the opposition of Abel to name him as the ring
leader of the murder, and in one of the numerous versions it is added that
Knight Lave was killed shortly after in Kiel. His son, Lave Lavesen Litle (see 1291
14/3), was later accused of following in his father’s
footsteps, as he was among the suspects of the murder of King Erik V Klipping
in 1286. ● The chronicles have differing information about the churches
of Schleswig in which King Erik was buried. According to B, D, E and F his
corpse was at first transferred from the Dominican church to the new nunnery
church on Holmen, situated just outside the city to the sourth-east. This is in
fact the oldest instance on the existence of this Benedictine nunnery,
eventually dedicated to St. John. According to B, D and F this (first) reburial
was instigated by King Abel. ● According to A, the corpse was moved
directly from the Dominican church in Schleswig to the Church of St. Peter,
i.e. Schleswig Cathedral, on the instruction of the bishop. Only E appears to
have the double transfer from the Dominicans to the nuns, and then from the
nuns to the cathedral. ● The bishop of Schleswig, who requested the
transfer of King Erik’s corpse from the nunnery church to Schleswig Cathedral,
must have been ‘Sorte’ Eskil (1244-1255), see 1247 19/12.
Published:
A. Scriptores
Rerum Danicarum vol. I, pp. 20-25; Vitae Sanctorum Danorum, pp.
426-428; Danish translation by Olrik 1906-08, pp. 34-37. B. Scriptores Rerum Danicarum
vol. V, p. 499 (as entry in other chronicle); Monumenta
Germaniae Historica (Scriptores) vol. XVI, p. 373; Vitae Sanctorum Danorum, pp.
433. C. Chronica Majora
vol. V, pp. 221-222; Danish translation by Olrik 1906-08, pp. 48-49. D. Scriptores
Rerum Danicarum vol. I, p. 209; Monumenta
Germaniae Historica (Scriptores) vol. XVI, p. 383; Vitae Sanctorum Danorum, p. 433.
E. Scriptores
Rerum Danicarum vol. IV, p. 24; Annales Danici, p. 201; Danmarks middelalderlige annaler, p. 313. F. Quellensammlung
Schleswig-Holstein-Lauenburg vol. IV, p. 440; Monumenta Germaniae Historica (Scriptores)
vol. II, pp. 632-633; Danish translation by Olrik 1906-08, p. 45.
Röbel |
Convent
of Haderslev |
The
foundation of the Dominican convent in Haderslev is dated to 1251.
Source: Inscription in
choir stools in the Church of St. Nicholas, Röbel, Germany.
Language: Latin.
Bremensis 1225. Erfhordensis 1229. Halberstadensis … . Sovauiensis 1241. Rupinensis 1246. Haderslauensis 1251. Strusbergensis 1254. Rostochensis 1256. Prinslauensis 1275. Poswalkcensis 1277. Brandenburgensis 1292. Wismariensis 1293. Berlinensis 1297. Maldorpensis 1389. Bruswickcensis 1310. Tarbatensis 1300. Robolensis 1285. Hallensis 1271. Sehusensis 1255. Gripswaldensis 1254. Sundensis 1251. Rigensis 1244. Hamburgensis … . Lipzensis 1229. Lubicensis 1229. Magdeburgensis 1224.
Dansk oversættelse:
Bremen 1225. Erfurt 1229. Halberstadt […]. Slesvig (?) 1241. Neuruppin 1246. Haderslev 1251. Straussberg 1254.
Rostock 1256. Prenzlau 1275. Pasewalk 1277. Brandenburg 1292. Wismar 1293.
Berlin 1297. Meldorf 1389. Braunschweig 1310. Dorpat 1300.
Röbel 1285. Halle 1271. Seehausen 1255. Greifswald 1254. Stralsund 1251. Riga
1244. Hamburg […]. Leipzig 1229. Lübeck 1229. Magdeburg 1224.
Comments: The High Gothic choir stools in oak originally belonged to the
Dominican priory in Röbel, but after the Lutheran Reformation and the
demolition of the priory they were moved to the local parish church of St.
Nicholas. · The inscription of
the convent names and years is made along the top piece of the stools. In
addition to this, an inscription is made on the back of each of the 30 stools,
most of them giving short references to Dominican provinces, among them Dacia; one backside
inscription states that the writing was done Anno domini 1519 per me fratrem
Urbanum Schuman. · The listed years
in the top piece undoubtedly dates the foundation of each convent, of which
most fit with dates known from elsewhere, while some, however, differ slightly.
They all refer to convents within the province of Saxonia, as it appeared in
1519, although the list is far from complete. From a Nordic perspective, we
miss the convent of Tallinn and perhaps that of Schleswig, whom along with
convent of Haderslev were transferred from Dacia to Saxonia in 1517 5/2. · However, the mentioned
convent Sovauiensis (MUB has Soraciensis), allegedly founded in 1241,
cannot be easily identified with any other Saxonian convent, so perhaps it is
an error for Schleswig, where the convent elsewhere is stated established in 1239.
· The foundation
year for the convent in Haderslev is not known from elsewhere, but the first
reference is in the acts from the provincial chapter of 1254 8/9, so a foundation in 1251 is not at all
unlikely.
Published: Mecklenburgisches Urkundenbuch vol. II no. 761; Quellen und Forschungen zur Geschichte des Dominikanerordens in Deutschland vol. IX, pp. 5-6.
Convents
of Visby and/or Turku |
Pope
Innocent IV informs a prior of the Friars Preachers that all newly converted
‘neophytes’ in Finland are allowed to remain in marriages entered (by pagan
custom) before their conversion, and the prior is authorized to grant similar
dispensations to thirty persons, who after their conversion have entered pagan
marriages to spouses within the third or fourth degree of consanguinity; this
can either be granted by the prior himself or by friars, who are appointed for
preaching among these people.
Source: Transcript in letter collection of Marinus de Ebulo.
Vatican Apostolic Library, Rome.
Language: Latin.
Priori ordinis predicatorum. Quod conversi de
novo ad fidem possint in quibuscunque contractis matrimoniis remanere.
Delectat
sedis apostolice pietatem generosi favoris affluentiam circa illos exponere,
qui divine inspirationis illustrati gratia relictis infidelitatis tenebris
provenerunt ad lucem catholice veritatis. Hinc est quod nos digne volentes, ut
dilectis filiis neophitis Philandie redundet in letitiam paganorum spurcicias
reliquisse, ac etiam quod firmum, et inviolabile sit eis propositum ad divini
honorem nominis legem colere cristianam nos eorum desideriis affectu benivolo
concurrentes, ut cum predictis neophitis quod in matrimoniis que in quocunque
gradu juxta ritum suum ante catholice professionem fidei contraxerunt, necnon
ut ∙xxx∙ ex eis, que tercia vel quarta linea consanguinitatis post
susceptum sacramentum baptismatis contraxerunt possint libere permanere, per te
vel fratrem idoneum, quem predicationis negotio circa huius [terre] gentem
duxeris deputandum dispensara valeas, tibi auctoritate presentium concedimus
facultatem.
Comments: The transcript is undated, but since it is included in a
letter collection of Marinus de Ebulo, who was vice chancellor of Pope Innocent
IV from 1244 to 1251, it is likely to origin from this period, something which
also fits well with the content. Jarl Gallén has narrowed the potential time
period down to 1245-1248/49, suggesting that it was issued in the episcopal
interregnum for Finland between the resignation of Bishop Thomas in 1245
21/2 and the election of his successor, Björn, in 1249
(Gallén 1946, 56-57). ● The transcript neither names the issuing pope nor
the addressed prior, but if issued during the office of Marinus de Ebulo, it
has to be from Pope Innocent IV (1243-1254). ● As Gallén advocated its
dating to the years just before the Dominican convent foundation in Finland, he
suggested that it was directed at the prior of the convent in Visby (Gallén
1946, 57). Alternatively, it was aimed for the new convent in Turku itself,
founded in 1249.
Published: Gallén,
La Province de Dacia…, encl. 1 (p. 246).
Pope
Innocent IV authorizes a prior of the Friars Preachers to absolve neophytes in
Finland, who have incurred ecclesiastical punishment according to promulgated Church
regulations, if these are not of an extent and degree that falls under the
Apostolic See.
Source: Transcript in letter collection of Marinus de Ebulo.
Vatican Apostolic Library, Rome.
Language: Latin.
Priori ordinis predicatorum de … . De neophitis absolvendis.
Quos ad lucem convertit de tenebris
misericordia Dei patris decet per sedem apostolicam illius dono foveri gratie,
per quam salutis materia, et devotionis augmentum ipsis valeat pervenire. Cum
itaque non nulli ex neophitis de Filandia sicut accepimus in canonem inciderint
sententie promulgate, nos circa ipsos affectum salubris benivolentie dirigentes
presentium tibi auctoritate committimus ut ipsis hac vice juxta formam
ecclesiastice absolutionis beneficium largiaris, dum modo passis injuriam
satisfecerint competenter, et eorum excessus non sit adeo enormis et gravis,
quod propter hoc debeant ad sedem apostolicam destinari.
Comments: See above.
Published: Gallén, La Province de Dacia…, encl. 2 (pp. 246-247).
(Ribe) |
Convent
of Ribe |
Fr. Petrus, prior of
the Friars Preachers, and Fr. Astradus (of the same convent in Ribe?) witness
that Bishop Esger of Ribe, along with King Abel of Denmark, gives the patronage
of the parish church in Brede to Løgum Abbey.
Source: Genuine? Transcripts in the Løgum
Book.
Language: Latin.
Esgerus Dei gratia Ripensis episcopus universis Christi fidelibus ad quos presentes litere pervenerint salutem in omnium salvatore. Cum secundum constitutionem felicis memorie domini pape Alexandri ecclesia vivente persona possit locis conferri religiosis, patroni assensu ad hoc accedente, scire volumus tam posteros quam presentes, nos claustro Loci Dei ecclesiam de Brewadt, cum consensu domini regis Abel, canonice contulisse, jure perpetuo possidendam, ita quod cum dicta ecclesia primitus vacaverit abbas prefati loci ipsam ad voluntatem suam ordinabit. Ne igitur super hac collatione nostra tam legitime facta, dicto loco possit in posterum suboriri calumnia, presens scriptum sibi comisimus ad cautelam sigilli nostri munimine roboratum. Presentes fuerunt huic collationi multi nobiles, dominus videlicet rex Abel superius memoratus, eiusdem domini regis marscalcus Iwarus, dapifer Petrus F[ii]nssun, Petrus Johannis filius, Johannes Friis frater eius, prior Petrus de ordine predicatorum et frater Astradus, magister Symon canonicus noster, Absalon et Mauritius clerici nostri, multi etiam alii clerici et laici. Datum anno ab incarnatione Domini MCCLII pridie nonas aprilis.
Comments: Neither the
original letter nor a certified copy made by Bishop Bonde and the cathedral
chapter of Schleswig on 4 June 1277 (DD 2 II 290) are preserved. Transcripts of
both versions are extant in the Løgum Book from 1578, along with a number of
transcript extracts from a legal process held in 1575-76. ● The letter is
suspected to be falsely fabricated by the Cistercians in Løgum Abbey to be used
in a legal dispute with the parishioners of Brede in 1276-77 (DD/DRB 2 I 69
note (2)). The fabrication of this and a handful of other letters is, among
other things, indicated by their unusual strong wording; that the exact same
group of witnesses allegedly confirmed an additional letter of confirmation from
the cathedral chapter of Ribe in 1252 29/7 (see below); and that this latter
letter also claims to be witnessed by King Abel – in spite of the fact that he
died on 29 June 1252, and thus a month before it was issued! In defence of the
letter’s genuinity it could be argued that King Abel was in fact in Ribe on 1252
4/4 (b), along with Marshal Ivar and Master Simon, also in a matter
concerning Bishop Esger; at that occasion, the written outcome was witnessed by
Fr. Adolphus and Fr. Reinerus (OP or OFM?). ● Even if this and the letter
of 1252 29/7 are fabrications, one may assume that the Cistercian forger has
used names on actual Friars Preachers, but neither Prior Petrus nor Fr.
Astradus – both supposedly to be affiliated to the convent in Ribe – are known
from any other sources. ● On King Abel of Denmark, see 1250. ● Bishop
Esger of Ribe (1246-1273) was one of the youngest canons at the cathedral
chapter in Ribe, when he was elected bishop in 1246, possibly due to influence
from King Erik IV Plovpenning (see 1250). He generally remained a loyal support of the Crown,
particularly during the first years of the archiepiscopal strife, where he took
the side of King Christoffer I and the young King Erik V Klipping against the
archiepiscopal alliance. Bishop Esger is known as a benefactor of the
Cistercians in Løgum Abbey, with whom he was buried, but he may also have been
the initiator of the Dominican convent foundation in Haderslev (1251),
just as his prominent role in the royal party inevitably must have placed him
close to leading Danish Friars Preachers, who were also to be found in the
inner circle around the kings at this time; see 1255 14/3
and 1259 6/3. ● The parish church of Brede is
situated 6 km west of Løgum Abbey and 30 km south of Ribe.
Published:
Scriptores Rerum Danicarum
vol. VIII, pp. 114 and 123; Diplomatarium Danicum
2. ser. vol. I no. 59.
Prior Petrus and Fr.
Astradus also witness that the cathedral chapter of Ribe confirms the
abovementioned donation of patronage.
Source: Genuine? Transcripts in the Løgum
Book.
Language: Latin.
Universis hoc scriptum cernentibus capitulum sancte Marie Ripensis ecclesie salutem in perpetuum. Cum secundum constitutionem felicis memorie domini pape Alexandri, ecclesia vivente persona possit conferri locis religiosis patroni consensu ad hoc accedente, scire volumus tam posteros quam presentes, quod venerabiles fratres nostri monachi Loci Dei ecclesiam de Bredwath cum consensu omnium fratrum nostrorum canonice sunt adepti, ita quod cum primitus ipsam vacare contigerit, dominus abbas dicti claustri eandem ad voluntatem suam libere ordinabit. In cuius collationis testimonium presentem cedulam sigillo capituli nostri fecimus roborari. Presentes autem fuerunt huic collationi plerique nobiles domini videlicet rex Abel, Iwarius eiusdem domini regis marscalcus, dapifer Petrus Fiinssun, Petrus Jonnessun frater eius, Johannes Friis, prior Petrus de ordine predicatorum, et frater Astradus, Absalon et Mauritius clerici domini episcopi, multi etiam alii tam clerici quam laici. Actum anno ab incarnatione Domini MCCLII quarto kalendas augusti.
Comments: See above.
Published:
Scriptores Rerum Danicarum
vol. VIII, pp. 114-115 and 124; Schleswig-Holstein-Lauenburgische
Regesten und Urkunden vol. II no. 24; Diplomatarium Danicum 2. ser.
vol. I no. 69.
Odense |
Province
of Dacia, Convents of Bergen, Kalmar, Lund, Nidaros, Odense, Oslo, Ribe,
Roskilde, Sigtuna, Skara, Schleswig, Viborg and Århus |
The provincial chapter of the Friars Preachers
in Dacia is held in Odense. Several regulations decided on the general chapter
are transmitted, especially about the individual friar’s observance to
community life and disciplinary restrictions. Among these it is stated that no
friar is allowed to hear confession of nuns without being especially appointed
for the task, and even then he is not allowed to enter a nunnery without a socius and a specific permission; and priors are licensed to seek, apprehend
and expel apostate friars within and from their termini. Furthermore, the following transfers of individual friars between
convents are decided: Fr. Bertoldus, Fr. Matheus of Viborg, Fr. Johannes Parvus
of Århus, Fr. Andreas of Sigtuna and Fr. Nicolaus of Oslo are all assigned to
the convent in Lund; Fr. Brotherus of Oslo and Fr. Johannes of Viborg are
assigned to the convent in Ribe; Fr. Haquinus of Bergen and the laybrother Fr.
Othincarus of Odense are assigned to the convent in Roskilde; Fr. Thorstanus
and Fr. Thorgotus of Skara are assigned to the convent in Sigtuna; Fr.
Sigwardus of Nidaros and the laybrother Fr. Bertoldus of Kalmar are assigned to
the convent in Skara; Fr. Jacobus Primus of Roskilde and Fr. Reginaldus of
Skara are assigned to the convent in Viborg; and Fr. Gusterus and Fr.
Godefridus Parvus are assigned to the convent in Odense.
Source: Acta capituli provincialis OP Dacie.
Language: Latin.
In nomine patris et filii et spiritus sancti amen. Acta capituli provincialis Othonensis celebrati
anno Domini MCCLII.
Quod
per correctiones etiam firmius in capitulis status ordinis huius conservetur et
reformetur; firmiter observari volumus, quod fratres non decumbentes nullatenus
a capitulo se subtrahant nec priores sine causa evidenti dent licentiam
remanendi, fratres etiam hospites ad idem astricti sint postquam una nocte in
domo remanserint. Similiter
minuti secunda sue imminutionis. Qui autem neglexerint correctionem in sequenti
capitulo accipiant. Item juxta admonitionem capituli generalis statuimus ut
singuli fratres quocienscunque communicandum est confiteantur suo priori vel
fratribus maturis et discretis, nec sine consilio sui prioris, vel eius qui
preest, si prior presens non fuerit, a communione se subtrahant. Priori etiam
suo saltem quarter in anno confiteri teneantur. Item prioribus et omnibus
capitula tenentibus districte injungimus ut penitentias taxatas in
constitutionibus precipue in irreverentia, contentionibus et dissensionibus
injungere non ommitant. Item volumus ut injungentes in capitulis psalteria
jejunia et disciplinas, terminum assignent, et injuncta compleantur infra
terminum assignatum. Item prohibemus ne quis frater recipiat exequutiones
causarum sine licentia prioris provincialis speciali. Item volumus ut quicunque
frater secularibus prelatis vel principus seu quibuscunque aliis in causis
negotiis in gravamen fratrum et in ordinis favuerit prejudicium, quicunque
personas spectabiles ab hordine avertuerit, seu secreta ordinis talibus
revelavuerit suffragiis ordinis, preventus in morte, non resipuverit. Item
volumus et mandamus ut quicunque contra formam prescriptam in constitutionibus
et in aliis capitulis provincialibus aliquid receperunt vel retinuerunt
perlectis hiis actis, suo id priori representent et relinquant. Quare si
deinceps aliquid sic receperint vel extra domum reposuerint, ipso fratres eo
careant. Item volumus ut ponatur certus frater qui sit custos denariorum
fratrum cui etiam fratres exeuntes, omnes claves suas committant. Item
diligenter observandum statuimus ut fratres litteras quas extra domum recipiunt
et earum transcriptum quas extra scribunt; suo priori representent, qui autem
ex certa deliberatione litteras sibi missas suppresserunt; tres dies in pane et
aqua jeiunent. Item firmiter observari volumus ut qui ordinem in potu
scandalizavuerit vel in potu excessuerit, secundum formam et statuta
preteritorum capitulorum puniatur. Item prohibemus ne quis frater confessionem
monialium audiat nisi ad hoc fuerit specialiter deputatus et ne quis adeat
claustra monialium nisi cum socio ydoneo et licentia speciali. Item inhibemus
ne quis deinceps calcios clausos deferat seu habitum communi consuetudini
ordinis repugnantem. Item injungimus prioribus ac fratribus quod pro sumtibus
assignatis saltem unam marcam puri argenti hos anno ad quaternos mittant et qui
non miserunt anno precedenti mittant duas et duas dies in pane et aqua
jejunent. Similiter qui alio anno ad vestes noviciorum tres sollidos
sterlingorum parisius non miserunt, hoc anno ∙vi∙ sollidus ripis
mittant et duas dies in pane et aqua jejunent, ceteris tres mittant. Item
volumus ut priores attenti sint in collationibus faciendis injungentes
penitentiam hiis qui non faciunt et diligenter observent quod de studio et sermonibus
faciendis in capitulo statutum est precedenti. Volumus etiam ut vigilias juxta
modum prescriptum in nova natalia dici faciant. Item injungimus prioribus et
depositariis ut diligentes sint in depositis servandis ne vel mutuentur vel
alienentur. Item mandamus prioribus ut apostatas in terminis suis inventos vel
capiant vel expellant. Item injungimus capitula tenentibus ut frequentur de
actis capitulorum faciant mentionem.
Ad domum Lundensem assignamus
fratrem Bertoldum, fratrem Matheum Wibergensem, fratrem Johannem Parvum de
Arus, fratrem Andream de domo Sictuniensi, fratrem Nicolaum Asleonsem. Ad domum
Ripensem fratrem Brotherum Asleonsem, fratrem Johannem Wibergensem. Ad domum
Roskildensem assignamus fratrum Haquinum Bergensem, fratrem Othincharum
conversum de domo Othonensi. Ad domum Sictunensem assignamus fratrem
Thorstanum, fratrem Thorgotum de domo Scarensi. Ad domum Scarensem assignamus
fratrem Sigwardum de Nitharosia, fratrem Bertoldum conversum de Kalmarnia. Ad
domum Wibergensem assignamus fratrem Jacobum Primum de domo Roskildensi,
fratrem Reginaldum de domo Scarensi. Ad domum Othonensem assignamus fratrem
Gusterum, fratrem Godefridum Parvum. Ad domum Sleswicensem […..].
Comments: The last part of the acts is missing since the parchment on
which it was written was later cut to fit as binding for an otherwise unrelated
book. ● The date of the provincial chapter is not stated, but
traditionally they were held in August or September. ● Only two of the
seventeen transferred friars are known from other sources: The laybrother Fr.
Othincarus, who was transferred from Odense to Roskilde, was subsequently moved
on from Roskilde to the convent in Visby at the provincial chapter in 1254 8/9;
and Fr. Gusterus, who was assigned to the convent in Odense, was in 1254 8/9
transferred again to the convent in Tallinn.
Published:
Kirkehistoriske
Samlinger 1. ser. vol. I, pp. 551-553.
Literature:
Jakobsen 2018a, 371-372.
Liège |
OP
(Scandinavia, Germany, Poland, Bohemia, Moravia) |
Fr. Hugo
OP, cardinal priest of Santa Sabina and papal legate, enjoins all regular and
secular prelates in Germany, Dacia, Bohemia, Poland and Moravia to
implement the Feast of St. Dominic as already introduced by Pope Gregory IX
along with the indulgences attributed to it.
Source: Transcript in undated certification.
Landesarchiv Sachsen-Anhalt.
Language: Latin.
- - -
Datum Leodii kalendas Januarii pontificatus nostri domini Innocentii pape ∙iiii∙ anno decimo.
Comments: The letter was
certified by “Albertus decanus, Theodericus scolasticus, Conradus archipresbiter ecclesie sancte
Marie in Erfordia”. ● On the Feast of St. Dominic, see 1234
7/10. ● Fr.
Hugo de Saint-Cher (†1263) was a French Friar Preacher, who originated from
Saint-Cher in Dauphiné. While studying at the University of Paris, he entered
the Order in 1225, and was subsequently appointed both prior of the convent in
Paris and prior provincial of Francia (1226-1230 and 1236-1244), before he was
made cardinal priest of Santa Sabina by Pope Innocent IV in 1244. In this
capacity, he was used as papal legate on several occasions, especially in
Germany.
Not
published. Summary with extracts in Urkundenbuch
der Erfurter Stifter und Klöster vol. I no. 305; Codex diplomaticus et epistolaris regni Bohemiae
vol. IV no. 456.
Province
of Dacia, Convents of Bergen, Lund, Ribe, Roskilde, Sigtuna, Viborg and Visby |
At the
provincial chapter of the Friars Preachers in Dacia intercessory prayers are
prescribed in all convents for a number of recently deceased lay persons and
clergy. The priors of the convents in Ribe and Roskilde are appointed
diffinitors and electors of Dacia for the forthcoming general chapter, and Fr.
Oliverus is appointed socius for the prior provincial. The
priory in Lund is chosen as venue for the next provincial chapter to be held in
a year’s time on 8 September. Finally, the following friars have died in the
province since the latest chapter: Fr. Esbernus and laybrother Fr. Iao of the
convent in Ribe; Fr. Andreas, priest of the convent in Visby; Fr. Alanus,
priest, and Fr. Thorstanus, deacon of the convent in Bergen; Fr. Jacobus and
Fr. Nicolaus, both priests of the convent in Viborg; and Fr. Wilhelmus, priest
of the convent in Sigtuna.
Source: Acta capituli provincialis OP Dacie.
Language: Latin.
….. pro domino preposito de Brunna, Aquone, Cristiarno et aliis
familiaribus ordinis: sacerdotes ∙i∙ missa cleri[ci …]; pro domina
Helena Erici, Johanna de Monte, abbatissa de Sco, priorissa Ripensi, priorissa
de Weretis: sacerdotes ∙i∙ missa de dominica, alii ut supra; pro
omnibus cobenefactoribus capituli recipientibus euntes et redeuntes aliisque
familiaribus: sacerdotes ∙i∙ missa, alii ut supra; pro domino
archiepiscopo defuncto: sacerdotes ∙iii∙ misse, clerici psalterium,
laici quingentos pater noster; pro dominis episcopis Thoma, Nicholao, Gunnero:
sacerdotes ∙i∙ missa, alii ut supra, pro una missa; pro dominis
comite de Reinstæn, Jacobo, Petro filio Pincerne, Hemming et aliis: sacerdotes,
clerici et la[ici …]; pro domino Ivaro: sacerdotes, clerici et laici ut supra;
pro dominabus Ingerd, Margareta et aliis: sacerdotes, clerici et laici ut
supra.
Electores magistri ordinis prior
Ripensis, prior Roskildensis. Diffinitor capituli generalis prior Ripensis,
socius prior Roskildensis. Socius prioris provincialis frater Oliverus.
Capitulum provinciale anno fu[turo] celebretur in domo Lundensi in nativitate
beate virginis. Ita quod diffinitores eligantur in dominica prece[denti.]
Isti sunt fratres mortui de
provincia: de domo Ripensi frater Esbernus, frater Iao conversus; de domo
Visbyensi frater Andreas sacerdos; de domo Bergensi frater Alanus sacerdos,
frater Thorstanus diaconus; de domo Vibergensi frater Jacobus, frater
Nicholaus, sacerdotes; de domo Sictunensi frater Willielmus sacerdos.
Comments: Only the last part of the acts is preserved since the
parchment on which it was written was later cut to fit as binding for an
otherwise unrelated book. ● The fragment is without a date, but on the
same folio it is continued by the acts of the chapter of 1254
8/9 held in Lund, which the present acts indeed state will be the next
venue, thus pointing convincingly to 1253. This year is furthermore supported
by the appointment of electors for the forthcoming general chapter, since such
had been called in for the chapter of 1254 held in Buda around
Pentecost, where Fr. Humbertus de Romanis was elected master general of the
Order. Traditionally the provincial chapters were held in August or September. ●
The finder and publisher of the acts, George Stephens, suggested the priory in
Ribe as venue for the 1253 chapter (“[? Acta capituli provincialis Ripensis,
1253]”, KS 1. ser. vol. I, 554), but I have not been able to identify
what this assumption was based upon. ● None of the two priors appointed
diffinitors are named. The one from Ribe may be Fr. Petrus, referred to in 1252
4/4 and 1252 29/7; the one from Roskilde is probably identical to
the likewise unnamed prior of Roskilde, who at the following chapter in 1254
8/9 was appointed preacher general. ● The prior provincial of
Dacia at this time was most likely Fr. Absalon (1241-1261). Since the general
chapter of 1254 was an electing chapter, both the appointed diffinitors and the
prior provincial were to participate. ● None of the named friars can be
identified with friars known from other sources. It is possible, though, that
the deceased Fr. Jacobus of the convent in Viborg was the Fr. Jacobus Primus,
who was transferred from Roskilde to Viborg at the chapter in 1252. ● The recently deceased archbishop, for
whom intercessory prayers were prescribed, was most likely Uffe Thrugotsen of
Lund (1228-1252) (see 1240 14/12), while the three bishops
probably were Bishop Thomas of Finland (?-1245, †1248), Bishop Niels Stigsen of
Roskilde (1225-1249) and Bishop Gunner of Viborg (1222-1251). Of the laypeople
it is possible to identify Count Konrad III of Regenstein, who died in the early
1250s. ● It is worth noting that intercessory prayers also were
prescribed for three anonymous mothers superior of female convents belonging to
other monastic orders: the Cistercian nunneries of Sko and Vreta (Sweden) and
the Benedictine nunnery of Ribe. ● Generally, it seems as if the
intercession program consisted of one mass for the initiated priests, one
psalter to be sung by the uninitiated clerical friars, and a number of
Paternosters to be said by the laybrothers; an extra effort was prescribed for
the archbishop (three masses) and the mothers superior (a Sunday mass).
Published:
Kirkehistoriske
Samlinger 1. ser. vol. I, pp. 554-555.
Convent of Vordingborg |
The
Order of Preachers receives a house in Vordingborg.
Source: A. Annales Dano-Suecani,
B. Annales Petri Olavi.
Language: Latin.
A:
1253. (…) et domus accepta Warthingæburg (…).
Dansk oversættelse:
1253. (…) og et hus blev modtaget i Vordingborg (…).
B:
MCCLIII. Fratres
predicatores domum in Wartingburg ceperunt edificare.
Dansk oversættelse:
1253. Prædikebrødrene modtog et opført hus i Vordingborg.
Comments: The Dominican house in Vordingborg is only known from three
extant incidents; the acquisition in 1253, a transfer of a friar to domum Castrensem at the provincial
chapter in 1254 and a donation in a will from 1261.
As a convent was established in nearby Næstved in the 1260s, probably after a
yearlong struggle before the Benedictine townlords accepted this, it is
traditionally believed that the convent in Vordingborg was transferred
altogether to the new location in Næstved. Indeed, the house in Vordingborg, of
which the location is unknown, may just have been a ‘waiting room’ for the
friars to go to Næstved. On the other hand, whereas Næstved was of far larger
economical interest for the Order, Vordingborg held one of the most important
royal castles on Sjælland and was the main port for Danish crusade campaigns;
an activity that was, however, on a significant retreat in the second half of
the thirteenth century, which may also explain the decision to move the
convent.
Published: A. Scriptores Rerum
Danicarum vol. II, p. 168; Annales Danici, p. 131; Annales Suecici,
p. 257; Danmarks middelalderlige annaler,
p. 15; Annales
Ordinis Predicatorum Dacie (online). B. Scriptores Rerum
Danicarum vol. I, p. 185; Annales Danici, p. 207.
Lund |
Province
of Dacia, Convents of Bergen, Haderslev, Kalmar, Lund, Lödöse, Nidaros,
Odense, Oslo, Ribe, Roskilde, Skara, Skänninge, Tallinn, Turku, Viborg,
Visby, Vordingborg, Västerås, Åhus and Århus (prov. Dacia), and Lübeck (prov.
Teutonia) |
The provincial chapter
of the Friars Preachers in Dacia is held in Lund. Several regulations decided
on the general chapter are transmitted, among them an admonition that all
friars shall act humble towards secular prelates and abstain from provoking
complaints; priors are to make sure that all friars of their convents study and
follow lessons eagerly; youngfriars can be dispensed from other duties in order
to help promote their studies; and young preachers shall be trained in
preaching in the vernacular within the priory and only be allowed to preach
outside the priory when evaluated sufficiently skilled and disciplined.
The following transfers of
individual friars between the convents are decided: Fr. Nicolaus ‘Bishop’ and
Fr. Ingvarus of Roskilde are assigned to the convent in Lund; Fr. Rodulphus of
Viborg, laybrother Fr. Nicolaus of Odense and laybrother Fr. Hermannus of Åhus
are assigned to the convent in Ribe; Fr. Svenung of Skänninge, Fr. Arnulphus
and Fr. Petrus of Finland are assigned to the convent in Visby; Fr. Nicolaus
Kac, Fr. Haquinus of Oslo, Fr. Thorleifus of Bergen and laybrother Fr. Alanus are
assigned to the convent in Nidaros; Fr. Nicolaus Kari, Fr. Bertoldus, Fr.
Birgerus, Fr. Johannes Dacus, Fr. Joseph and Fr. Carolus are assigned to the
convent in Roskilde, the former as lector; Fr. Philippus, Fr. Olavus and Fr.
Johannes Anglicus of Lödöse are assigned to the convent in Skänninge; Fr.
Laurentius of Århus and Fr. Othincarlus of Odense are assigned to the convent
in Visby/Viborg; Fr. Johannes of Roskilde is assigned to the convent in Skara;
laybrother Fr. Ascerus of Visby is assigned to the convent in Århus; Fr. Olavus
of Roskilde, Fr. Esbernus of Roskilde and laybrother Fr. Michael of Ribe are
assigned to the convent in Odense; Fr. Tuco is assigned to the convent in Oslo;
Fr. Albertus of Skara and novice Fr. Andreas are assigned to the convent in
Lödöse; Fr. Joseph Primus and Fr. Wibrandus are assigned to the convent in
Åhus; Fr. Gunnarus of Lödöse and Fr. Abel are assigned to the convent in
Kalmar; Fr. Asmundus of Odense, Fr. Nicolaus Bulk, laybrother Fr. Hervordus and
Fr. Adam are assigned to the convent in Bergen; Fr. Gusterus, Fr. Laurentius of
Odense and Fr. Johannes of Lübeck are assigned to the convent in Tallinn; Fr.
Laurentius of Visby and cantor Fr. Thomas of Skänninge are assigned to the
convent in Turku (‘Finland’); Fr. Johannes Holbøl and laybrother Fr. Bondo of
Århus are assigned to the convent in Haderslev; and laybrother Fr. Alvardus is
assigned to the convent in Vordingborg. In addition, the priors of the convents in Lund, Visby, Århus,
Åhus and Turku, and the subpriors in Skänninge and Västerås, are all absolved
from their offices, some to be assigned to other convents: the subprior from
Skänninge to Lödöse, the prior from Åhus to Lund, the prior from Turku to Visby
and the subprior from Västerås to Turku.
The prior of the convent in
Roskilde, subprior Fr. Sveno in Lund, lector Fr. Nicolaus in Lund and lector
Fr. Jacobus in Skara are all appointed preachers general of the province. The
subprior of the convent in Roskilde is appointed visitator
of the convents in Skåne, Sjælland and Fyn; the subprior in Lund shall visit
the convents in Jylland; Fr. Lagho shall visit the convents in Norway with Fr.
Monandus as his socius; Fr. Petrus ‘Abbot’ of Västerås shall visit the convents
in Götaland; Fr. Robertus of Visby shall visit the convents in Kalmar and
Svealand; and Fr. Thomas of Visby shall visit the convents in Visby, Tallinn
and Turku. Fr. Nicolaus, lector of the convent in Lund, is appointed diffinitor
of the province for the next chapter general, whereto he will go with Fr. Helmricus
as his socius, and ask the chapter for two new convent foundations.
Commemorational prayers are
prescribed for the Archbishop of Lund with three masses by each priest (one to
the Holy Spirit, one to the Blessed Virgin, and one to his deceased parents and
relatives); for the King and Queen of Denmark and their children with one mass;
for the King of Sweden, the Duke and Queen and royal children of Norway with
one mass; for the Archbishop of Uppsala and for the elected Bishop of Roskilde
with one mass. One mass is also prescribed or recommended for Prefect Peder
Olsen of Lund, his wife, servants and brothers; for all bishops, friends of the
Order and benefactors of this particular provincial chapter; and for Lord
Esbern, Lady Margrethe and their children. Prayers for the deceased are
prescribed for the Duchess of Sweden, Archbishop Uffe of Lund, the Archbishop
of Nidaros, Lady Ingeborg and others in Sweden; and four psalters are
prescribed for all living and deceased clergy and laity.
Finally, a number of
disciplinary issues are admonished upon the provincial delegates, for instance
that hospitals and infirmaries of the convents are to be kept closed from
morning to evening except for those truly in need of it; that student masters
carefully shall follow the constitutions in order to promote studies; on the
extent of fists used for punishment; on funerals in the cloister and in the
church; on fallen and evil spirits; that friars shall not repeat accusations
against brethren at the provincial chapter; that priors may not indebt their
houses without consent of the convent; on baptism; about not celebrating mass
in the homes of knights; on the observance of the admonitions by the
constitution; on the peace of lectors; that the Constitutions of the Order placed
in newly founded convents may not be taken by the prior provincial(?); on the rejected seal of Visby; that music only
extraordinarily may be kept after breakfast and Compline; on the use of books;
and on the necessity of having ministering priests in the convent.
The next provincial chapter shall be held in Skara on 9 September
(1255).
Source: Acta capituli provincialis OP Dacie.
Language: Latin.
In nomine patris et filii et spiritus sancti,
amen. Acta capituli provincialis Lundis celebrati anno Domini MCCLIII[I].
Ad consolendum paci fratrum et animarum profectui efficacius providendum volumus monemus injungimus omnib[us] fratribus quod humiliter se habeant ad prelatos seculares, ne proni sint ipsos contra se provocare, dictis eorum vel factis inter se vel coram secularibus detrahendo et qui contra fecerint, deprehensi gravius puniantur. Item volumus quod fratres qui causas fratrum periculosas, vel ipsas causas contingentia, adversariis eorum vel aliis secularibus per quos gravari possunt, prodidisse deprehensi fuerint pene gravioris culpe subiciantur. Item fratres non intromittant se de negotiationibus affinium vel familiorium suorum nec fideiubiant pro eis vel aliis nec mutuum recipi[ant] aliquid sine licentia prelati. Item contentiones et comminationes secundum constitutiones corrigantur et priores qui in talibus corrigendis negligentes inventi fuerint habeant duos dies in pane et aqua. Item collation[es] fiant in domibus fratrum singulis septimanis secundum consuetudinem ordinis et lectiones audiantur diligenter et priores graviter puniant illos qui lectiones contempnunt vel de lectoribus contemtibiliter loquntur. Item volu[mus] firmiter observari quod excessus in potu secundum statuta capitulorum precedentium puniantur. Item fratres juniores sacerdotes sive alii ad officium predicationis in vulgari exerceantur in domo, nec ad predicandum extra mittantur nisi morum honestas, et etas et maturitas hoc requirat et domo prius bene fuerint probati. Junioribus autem qui habiles sunt ad studium, parcant priores quantum possunt, ne subtrahantur a studio suo, sed foveant eos in omnibus que profectui ordinis et eorum viderint expedire. Injungimus etiam omnibus subprioribus quod acta ca